願

See also: 愿

願	U+9858, 願 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9858

← 顗
[U+9857]

CJK Unified Ideographs

顙 →
[U+9859]

Translingual

Stroke order

Stroke order

Han character

願 (Kangxi radical 181, 頁+10, 19 strokes, cangjie input 一火一月金 (MFMBC), four-corner 7128₆, composition ⿰原頁)

Derived characters

𡅪, 𭬻, 𩖒, 𫚆, 𢥧

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 1407, character 31
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 43623
Dae Jaweon: page 1925, character 36
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4385, character 7
Unihan data for U+9858

Chinese

trad.		願
simp.		愿^*
2nd round simp.		𫹵
nonstandard simp.		𫖸
alternative forms		𫹵愿𩕾𢥧𩕮

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 願
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (原) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
羱	ŋʷaːn, ŋʷan
豲	*ɦŋʷaːn
謜	sŋ̊ʰʷan, ŋʷan
縓	sŋ̊ʰʷan, sŋ̊ʰʷans
原	*ŋʷan
源	*ŋʷan
厵	*ŋʷan
嫄	*ŋʷan
騵	*ŋʷan
榞	*ŋʷan
獂	*ŋʷan
蒝	*ŋʷan
願	*ŋʷans
傆	*ŋʷans
愿	*ŋʷans

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋʷans) : phonetic 原 (OC *ŋʷan) + semantic 頁.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): yuàn (yuan⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄩㄢˋ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): yuan⁴
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jyun⁶

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ngun⁵
Gan (Wiktionary): nyyon⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ngien / ngian

(Meixian, Guangdong): ngian⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): ye³
Northern Min (KCR): ngṳīng
Eastern Min (BUC): nguông
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): goān

(Teochew, Peng'im): nguêng⁶ / nguang⁶
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶gnioe
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): yenn⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yuàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄩㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yuàn
  - Wade–Giles: yüan⁴
  - Yale: ywàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yuann
  - Palladius: юань (juanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɥɛn⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: yuan⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: uan
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /yan²¹³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: jyun⁶
  - Yale: yuhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jyn⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: yun⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jyːn²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ngun⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ᵑɡun³²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: nyyon⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /n̠ʲyɵn¹¹/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngien
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngien
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ngian⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯en⁵⁵/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngian
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngian
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ngian⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯an⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ngian⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋian⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: ye³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /ye⁴⁵/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ngṳīng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋyiŋ⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: nguông
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋuɔŋ²⁴²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: goān
  - Tâi-lô: guān
  - Phofsit Daibuun: goan
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡuan³³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /ɡuan⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ɡuan²²/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: nguêng⁶ / nguang⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: nguĕng / nguăng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋueŋ³⁵/, /ŋuaŋ³⁵/

Note:

nguêng6 - Chaozhou;
nguang6 - Shantou.

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶gnioe
  - MiniDict: nyoe^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³nyyoe
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /n̠ʲyø²³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: yenn⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /y̯ẽ²¹/

Middle Chinese: ngjwonH

Rime
Character	願
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	元 (66)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	魚怨切
Baxter	ngjwonH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋʉɐn^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋʷiɐn^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋiuɐn^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋuan^H/
Li Rong	/ŋiuɐn^H/
Wang Li	/ŋĭwɐn^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ŋi̯wɐn^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yuàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jyun⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ]o[n]-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*ŋʷans/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	願
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yuàn
Middle Chinese	‹ ngjwon^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[ŋ]o[n]-s/ (< nasal + uvular?)
English	to wish
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	願
Reading #	1/1
No.	16196
Phonetic component	原
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	願
Old Chinese	/*ŋʷans/

Definitions

願

to desire; to want: to wish
願大家平安健康。 [MSC, trad.]
愿大家平安健康。 [MSC, simp.]
Yuàn dàjiā píng'ān jiànkāng. [Pinyin]
(please add an English translation of this usage example)
- 軻也請無問其詳，願聞其指。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  轲也请无问其详，愿闻其指。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE
  Kē yě qǐng wú wèn qí xiáng, yuàn wén qí zhǐ. [Pinyin]
  I will not venture to ask about the particulars, but I should like to hear the scope of your plan.
- 臣密今年四十有四，祖母劉今年九十有六；是以臣盡節於陛下之日長，報劉之日短也。烏鳥私情，願乞終養！ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  臣密今年四十有四，祖母刘今年九十有六；是以臣尽节于陛下之日长，报刘之日短也。乌鸟私情，愿乞终养！ [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: 《陳情表》, 268 CE, translated by David Knechtges
  Chén Mì jīnnián sìshí yǒu sì, zǔmǔ Liú jīnnián jiǔshí yǒu liù; shìyǐ chén jìn jié yú bìxià zhī rì cháng, bào Liú zhī rì duǎn yě. Wū niǎo sīqíng, yuàn qǐ zhōngyǎng! [Pinyin]
  I am now in my forty-fourth year, and Grandmother Liu is now ninety-six. Thus, I have a long time in which to fulfill my duty to Your Majesty, and only a short time in which to repay Grandmother Liu for raising me. I am like the crow that feeds its mother, and I beg to be allowed to care for her to her final days.
desire; wish; ambition
(religion, Buddhism) vow
to be willing; to be ready; to do willingly
(Hakka) addiction
上願／上愿 [Meixian Hakka] ― song¹ ngian⁴ [Hakka Transliteration Scheme] ― to get addicted

Synonyms

(to wish):

edit

企待 (qǐdài) (literary)
企望 (qǐwàng)
企盼 (qǐpàn)
冀望 (jìwàng) (literary)
向望 (ǹg-bāng) (Hokkien)
夢想 / 梦想 (mèngxiǎng)
寄望 (jìwàng)
巴望 (bāwàng) (regional)
希冀 (xījì) (literary)
希望 (xīwàng)
幸 (xìng) (literary)
引領 / 引领 (yǐnlǐng) (literary)
思 (literary, or in compounds)
想望 (xion² von³) (Jin)
承望 (chéngwàng)
指望 (zhǐwàng)
期冀 (qījì) (literary)
期待 (qīdài)
期望 (qīwàng)
渴望 (kěwàng)
盼 (pàn)
盼望 (pànwàng)
願意 / 愿意 (yuànyì)
鵠望 / 鹄望 (húwàng) (literary)

(desire):

edit

希冀 (xījì) (literary)
希望 (xīwàng)
心願 / 心愿 (xīnyuàn)
志意 (zhìyì) (literary)
志願 / 志愿 (zhìyuàn)
想兒 / 想儿 (xiǎngr) (Beijing Mandarin)
意願 / 意愿 (yìyuàn)
慾望 / 欲望 (yùwàng)
指望 (zhǐwàng)
期冀 (qījì) (literary)
期望 (qīwàng)
祈願 / 祈愿 (qíyuàn)
願望 / 愿望 (yuànwàng)

(to be willing):

edit

克根 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
心甘 (xīngān)
心甘情願 / 心甘情愿 (xīngānqíngyuàn)
情願 / 情愿 (qíngyuàn)
樂意 / 乐意 (lèyì)
樂於 / 乐于 (lèyú)
甘心 (gānxīn)
甘願 / 甘愿 (gānyuàn)
甜心 (tiánxīn) (literary)
願意 / 愿意 (yuànyì)
高興 / 高兴 (gāoxìng)

Compounds

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (願):

→ Japanese: 願(がん) (gan)
→ Korean: 원(願) (won)
→ Vietnamese: nguyện (願)

References

“願”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

願

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

request, wish
prayer

Readings

Go-on: ごん (gon)
Kan-on: げん (gen)^{←げん (gen, historical)}^{←ぐゑん (gwen, ancient)}
Kan’yō-on: がん (gan, Jōyō)^{←ぐわん (gwan, historical)}
Kun: ねがう (negau, 願う, Jōyō)^{←ねがふ (negafu, 願ふ, historical)}、ねがい (negai, 願)^{←ねがひ (negafi, 願, historical)}

Usage notes

The honorific form is the well known word for "please", お願い (onegai).

Compounds

願(がん)意(い) (gan'i)
願(がん)書(しょ) (gansho)
願望(がんぼう) (ganbō), 願望(がんもう) (ganmō)
願文(がんもん) (ganmon)
願力(がんりき) (ganriki)
哀願(あいがん) (aigan)
依(い)願(がん) (igan)
還願(かんがん) (kangan)
祈(き)願(がん) (kigan)
結願(けちがん) (kechigan), 結願(けつがん) (ketsugan)
懇願(こんがん), 悃願(こんがん) (kongan)
志(し)願(がん) (shigan)
出(しゅつ)願(がん) (shutsugan)
誓願(せいがん) (seigan)
請願(せいがん) (seigan)
大願(たいがん) (taigan), 大願(だいがん) (daigan)
嘆願(たんがん), 歎願(たんがん) (tangan)
念願(ねんがん) (nengan)
発願(ほつがん) (hotsugan)
本願(ほんがん) (hongan)
満願(まんがん) (mangan)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
願
がん Grade: 4
kan'yōon

/ɡʉan/ → /ɡʷaɴ/ → /ɡaɴ/

From Middle Chinese 願 (MC ngjwonH).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) がん [gáꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [ɡã̠ɴ]

Affix

願(がん) • (gan) ^{←ぐわん (gwan)^?}

desire; wish
pray

Noun

願(がん) • (gan) ^{←ぐわん (gwan)^?}

a prayer

Derived terms

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

願 (eumhun 원할 원 (wonhal won))

hanja form^? of 원 (“desire, want”)
hanja form^? of 원 (“wish”)
hanja form^? of 원 (“ambition”)

Compounds

원망 (願望, wonmang, “wish”)

Vietnamese

Han character

願: Hán Nôm readings: nguyện, nguyền

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-2] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[1]

[2]