갈다

Korean

Etymology 1

First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean ᄀᆞᆯ다〮 (Yale: kòl-tá), probably from pre-MK *<kòl->; see Appendix:Koreanic reconstructions#/l/ and /ɾ/ merger. Manchu ᡥᠠᠯᠠᠮᠪᡳ (halambi, “to change, to replace”) is probably borrowed from Koreanic in ancient times.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ka̠ɭda̠]
• Phonetic hangul: [갈다]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	galda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	galda
McCune–Reischauer?	kalda
Yale Romanization?	kalta

Verb

Korean verb set

Base	갈다 (galda)
Causative	갈리다 (gallida)
Passive	갈리다 (gallida)

갈다 • (galda) (infinitive 갈아, sequential 가니) (transitive)

1. to change, to replace, to switch (in general)

   Synonym: 교체(交替)하다 (gyochehada)

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the verb 갈다 (galda): consonant-stem, ㄹ(l)-irregular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	간다 ganda	갈아 gara	갈아요 garayo	갑니다 gamnida
	Past	갈았다 garatda	갈았어 garasseo	갈았어요 garasseoyo	갈았습니다 garatseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	가느냐 ganeunya	갈아 gara	갈아요 garayo	갑니까 gamnikka
	Past	갈았느냐 garanneunya	갈았어 garasseo	갈았어요 garasseoyo	갈았습니까 garatseumnikka
Hortative		갈자 galja	갈아 gara	갈아요 garayo	가십시다 gasipsida
Imperative		갈아라 garara	갈아 gara	갈아요 garayo	갑시오 gapsio
Assertive		갈겠다 galgetda	갈겠어 galgesseo	갈겠어요 galgesseoyo	갈겠습니다 galgetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		갈아 gara	갈아서 garaseo	가니 gani	가니까 ganikka
Contrast		갈지만 galjiman	가는데 ganeunde	갈더니 galdeoni
Conjunction		갈고 galgo
Condition		갈면 galmyeon	갈아야 garaya
Motive		갈려고 gallyeogo
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		갊 gam	갈기 galgi
Past-tense verbal nouns		갈았음 garasseum	갈았기 garatgi
Determiners	Past	간 gan
	Present	가는 ganeun
	Future	갈 gal

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	가신다 gasinda	가셔 gasyeo	가세요, 가셔요 gaseyo, gasyeoyo	가십니다 gasimnida
	Past	가셨다 gasyeotda	가셨어 gasyeosseo	가셨어요 gasyeosseoyo	가셨습니다 gasyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	가시느냐 gasineunya	가셔 gasyeo	가세요, 가셔요 gaseyo, gasyeoyo	가십니까 gasimnikka
	Past	가셨느냐 gasyeonneunya	가셨어 gasyeosseo	가셨어요 gasyeosseoyo	가셨습니까 gasyeotseumnikka
Imperative		가시라 gasira	가셔 gasyeo	가세요 gaseyo	가십시오 gasipsio
Assertive		가시겠다 gasigetda	가시겠어 gasigesseo	가시겠어요 gasigesseoyo	가시겠습니다 gasigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		가셔 gasyeo	가셔서 gasyeoseo	가시니 gasini	가시니까 gasinikka
Contrast		가시지만 gasijiman	가시는데 gasineunde	가시더니 gasideoni
Conjunction		가시고 gasigo
Condition		가시면 gasimyeon	가셔야 gasyeoya
Motive		가시려고 gasiryeogo
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		가심 gasim	가시기 gasigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		가셨음 gasyeosseum	가셨기 gasyeotgi
Determiners	Past	가신 gasin
	Present	가시는 gasineun
	Future	가실 gasil

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 갈아대다 (garadaeda)
• 갈아들다 (garadeulda)
• 갈아매다 (garamaeda)
• 갈아서다 (garaseoda)
• 갈아입다 (garaipda)
• 갈아타다 (garatada)
• 갈이 (gari)
• 번(番)갈다 (beon'galda)
• 엇갈다 (eotgalda)

Etymology 2

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean ᄀᆞᆯ〮다〮 (Yale: kól-tá), probably from pre-MK *<kór->; see Appendix:Koreanic reconstructions#/l/ and /ɾ/ merger.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ˈka̠(ː)ɭda̠]
• Phonetic hangul: [갈(ː)다]
  • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	galda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	galda
McCune–Reischauer?	kalda
Yale Romanization?	kālta

Verb

Korean verb set

Base	갈다 (galda)
Causative	갈리다 (gallida)
Passive	갈리다 (gallida)

갈다 • (galda) (infinitive 갈아, sequential 가니) (transitive)

1. to grind
2. to whet, to hone (a blade)

   칼을 갈다 ― kar-eul galda ― to sharpen a sword

3. to grit, to gnash (one's teeth)

   이를 갈다 ― i-reul galda ― to gnash one's teeth

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the verb 갈다 (galda): consonant-stem, ㄹ(l)-irregular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	간다 ganda	갈아 gara	갈아요 garayo	갑니다 gamnida
	Past	갈았다 garatda	갈았어 garasseo	갈았어요 garasseoyo	갈았습니다 garatseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	가느냐 ganeunya	갈아 gara	갈아요 garayo	갑니까 gamnikka
	Past	갈았느냐 garanneunya	갈았어 garasseo	갈았어요 garasseoyo	갈았습니까 garatseumnikka
Hortative		갈자 galja	갈아 gara	갈아요 garayo	가십시다 gasipsida
Imperative		갈아라 garara	갈아 gara	갈아요 garayo	갑시오 gapsio
Assertive		갈겠다 galgetda	갈겠어 galgesseo	갈겠어요 galgesseoyo	갈겠습니다 galgetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		갈아 gara	갈아서 garaseo	가니 gani	가니까 ganikka
Contrast		갈지만 galjiman	가는데 ganeunde	갈더니 galdeoni
Conjunction		갈고 galgo
Condition		갈면 galmyeon	갈아야 garaya
Motive		갈려고 gallyeogo
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		갊 gam	갈기 galgi
Past-tense verbal nouns		갈았음 garasseum	갈았기 garatgi
Determiners	Past	간 gan
	Present	가는 ganeun
	Future	갈 gal

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	가신다 gasinda	가셔 gasyeo	가세요, 가셔요 gaseyo, gasyeoyo	가십니다 gasimnida
	Past	가셨다 gasyeotda	가셨어 gasyeosseo	가셨어요 gasyeosseoyo	가셨습니다 gasyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	가시느냐 gasineunya	가셔 gasyeo	가세요, 가셔요 gaseyo, gasyeoyo	가십니까 gasimnikka
	Past	가셨느냐 gasyeonneunya	가셨어 gasyeosseo	가셨어요 gasyeosseoyo	가셨습니까 gasyeotseumnikka
Imperative		가시라 gasira	가셔 gasyeo	가세요 gaseyo	가십시오 gasipsio
Assertive		가시겠다 gasigetda	가시겠어 gasigesseo	가시겠어요 gasigesseoyo	가시겠습니다 gasigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		가셔 gasyeo	가셔서 gasyeoseo	가시니 gasini	가시니까 gasinikka
Contrast		가시지만 gasijiman	가시는데 gasineunde	가시더니 gasideoni
Conjunction		가시고 gasigo
Condition		가시면 gasimyeon	가셔야 gasyeoya
Motive		가시려고 gasiryeogo
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		가심 gasim	가시기 gasigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		가셨음 gasyeosseum	가셨기 gasyeotgi
Determiners	Past	가신 gasin
	Present	가시는 gasineun
	Future	가실 gasil

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 갈고닦다 (galgodakda)
• 갈닦다 (galdakda)
• 갈부수다 (galbusuda)
• 갈아붙이다 (garabuchida)
• 되갈다 (doegalda)
• 옥갈다 (okgalda)
• 잗갈다 (jatgalda)

Etymology 3

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean 갈〯다〮 (Yale: kǎl-tá).

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ˈka̠(ː)ɭda̠]
• Phonetic hangul: [갈(ː)다]
  • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	galda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	galda
McCune–Reischauer?	kalda
Yale Romanization?	kālta

Verb

Korean verb set

Base	갈다 (galda)
Causative	갈리다 (gallida)
Passive	갈리다 (gallida)

갈다 • (galda) (infinitive 갈아, sequential 가니) (transitive)

1. to sow; to plow, to till

   밭을 갈다 ― bat-eul galda ― to plow a field

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the verb 갈다 (galda): consonant-stem, ㄹ(l)-irregular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	간다 ganda	갈아 gara	갈아요 garayo	갑니다 gamnida
	Past	갈았다 garatda	갈았어 garasseo	갈았어요 garasseoyo	갈았습니다 garatseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	가느냐 ganeunya	갈아 gara	갈아요 garayo	갑니까 gamnikka
	Past	갈았느냐 garanneunya	갈았어 garasseo	갈았어요 garasseoyo	갈았습니까 garatseumnikka
Hortative		갈자 galja	갈아 gara	갈아요 garayo	가십시다 gasipsida
Imperative		갈아라 garara	갈아 gara	갈아요 garayo	갑시오 gapsio
Assertive		갈겠다 galgetda	갈겠어 galgesseo	갈겠어요 galgesseoyo	갈겠습니다 galgetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		갈아 gara	갈아서 garaseo	가니 gani	가니까 ganikka
Contrast		갈지만 galjiman	가는데 ganeunde	갈더니 galdeoni
Conjunction		갈고 galgo
Condition		갈면 galmyeon	갈아야 garaya
Motive		갈려고 gallyeogo
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		갊 gam	갈기 galgi
Past-tense verbal nouns		갈았음 garasseum	갈았기 garatgi
Determiners	Past	간 gan
	Present	가는 ganeun
	Future	갈 gal

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	가신다 gasinda	가셔 gasyeo	가세요, 가셔요 gaseyo, gasyeoyo	가십니다 gasimnida
	Past	가셨다 gasyeotda	가셨어 gasyeosseo	가셨어요 gasyeosseoyo	가셨습니다 gasyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	가시느냐 gasineunya	가셔 gasyeo	가세요, 가셔요 gaseyo, gasyeoyo	가십니까 gasimnikka
	Past	가셨느냐 gasyeonneunya	가셨어 gasyeosseo	가셨어요 gasyeosseoyo	가셨습니까 gasyeotseumnikka
Imperative		가시라 gasira	가셔 gasyeo	가세요 gaseyo	가십시오 gasipsio
Assertive		가시겠다 gasigetda	가시겠어 gasigesseo	가시겠어요 gasigesseoyo	가시겠습니다 gasigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		가셔 gasyeo	가셔서 gasyeoseo	가시니 gasini	가시니까 gasinikka
Contrast		가시지만 gasijiman	가시는데 gasineunde	가시더니 gasideoni
Conjunction		가시고 gasigo
Condition		가시면 gasimyeon	가셔야 gasyeoya
Motive		가시려고 gasiryeogo
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		가심 gasim	가시기 gasigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		가셨음 gasyeosseum	가셨기 gasyeotgi
Determiners	Past	가신 gasin
	Present	가시는 gasineun
	Future	가실 gasil

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 갈바래다 (galbaraeda)
• 갈아먹다 (garameokda)
• 갈아엎다 (gara'eopda)
• 갈이 (gari)
• 되갈다 (doegalda)
• 삭갈다 (sakgalda)