하다

Jeju

고장이영 사름이 한 길

Etymology

From Middle Korean 하다〮 (hàtá).

Pronunciation

• (Morphophonemic) IPA^(key): ⫽hata⫽
• (Jeju City) IPA^(key): [ha̠da̠]
• Phonetic hangul: [하다]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	hada
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	hada
Yale Romanization?	hata

Adjective

하다 (hada) (infinitive 한 or 항, sequential 하난)

1. to be many

   Synonym: 만ᄒᆞ다 (manhawda)

   Antonym: 족다 (jokda, “to be few”)

   가: 아이고, 봄이 뒈민 사오기 고장 보렌 제주도이 오는 관광객덜이 잘도 하는게마씀! 멧 열 헤 전에도 이영헷수과?
   나: 엇다, 이제랑 사름이 하는디 엿날이랑 제주도는 아직도 하영 빈복헤낫이난 이영 하지 아니헤낫저.

   Ga: Aigo, bom-i dwemin saogi gojang boren jejudo-i oneun gwan'gwanggaek-deor-i jaldo haneun'ge-masseum! Met yeol he jeon-e-do iyeonghetsugwa?
   Na: Eotda, ije-rang sareumi haneundi yeonnar-irang jejudo-neun ajikdo hayeong binbokhenasinan iyeong haji anihenatjeo.

   A: Wow, there are always a lot of people who come to Jeju in the spring to see the cherry blossom flowers! Was it like this a few decades ago too?
   B: No, there are a lot of people now, but back then, Jeju was still very poor, so there weren't this many.

Related terms

• 하 (ha, “big”)
• 하도 (hado, “very”)
• 하르방 (hareubang, “grandfather”)
• 하영 (hayeong, “many”)
• 한ᄋᆢ름 (hanyawreum, “midsummer”)
• 한더위 (handeowi)
• 한복판 (hanbokpan, “right in the middle”)
• 한사리 (hansari)
• 한소치 (hansochi, “striped marlin”)
• 한숨 (hansum, “sigh”)
• 할망 (halmang, “grandmother”)
• 해 (hae, “many”)

 

References

• 송상조 [songsangjo] (2023) “하다”, in 20세기 제주말 큰사전 [20segi jejumal keunsajeon], 한국문화사 [han'gungmunhwasa], →ISBN, page 843

Korean

Alternative forms

• 허다 (heoda), 해다 (haeda) — dialectal
• 카다 (kada) — dialectal, only for "to say that" and extended senses

Etymology

Of native Korean origin, from Middle Korean ᄒᆞ다〮 (Yale: hò-tá), from Old Korean 爲 (*HO(Y)-). Cognate with Jeju ᄒᆞ다 (hawda).

It is believed that at an ancient stage, the stem of ᄒᆞ다〮 (Yale: hò-tá) was actually *ᄒᆡ (Yale: *hoy-), as still evidenced by the irregular infinitive form 하여 (hayeo) (Vovin 2010, p. 27).

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ha̠da̠]

  • Audio:

    (file)

• Phonetic hangul: [하다]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	hada
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	hada
McCune–Reischauer?	hada
Yale Romanization?	hata

Verb

하다 • (hada) (infinitive 해 or 하여, sequential 하니)

1. (transitive) to do; used to vaguely refer to almost any action, in particular:

   했어? — 아니, 못 했어. ― Haess-eo? - Ani, mot haess-eo. ― Did you do it? — No, I couldn't.

   느리게 하면 되나? ― Neurige hamyeon doena? ― Will it work if I do it slowly?

   제가 할 수 있어요. ― Je-ga hal su isseo-yo. ― I can do it.

   1. to prepare, to make (food, clothes, etc.)

      내일 먹을 밥을 미리 하다 ― naeil meog-eul bab-eul miri hada ― to make tomorrow's rice in advance

   2. to make a certain facial expression

      어두운 얼굴을 하다 ― eoduun eolgur-eul hada ― to make a gloomy face

   3. (often polite) to have, to eat

      혹시 차나 하실래요? ― Hoksi cha-na hasillae-yo? ― Should we have some tea?

      술을 좀처럼 하지 않다 ― sur-eul jomcheoreom haji anta ― to rarely drink alcohol

   4. to wear, to put on (accessories such as hats or jewelry)

      화려한 귀걸이를 하고 나가다 ― hwaryeohan gwigeori-reul hago nagada ― to go out wearing a fancy earring

   5. to run (an enterprise, etc.)

      조그만 옷가게를 하다 ― jogeuman otgage-reul hada ― to run a small clothing store

   6. to be, to take the responsibility of... (a charge, a role)

      대통령을 하는 것은 쉬운 일이 아니다.

      Daetongnyeong-eul haneun geos-eun swiun ir-i anida.

      It is not an easy thing to be president.

   7. to get (a result)

      2등밖에 못 하다 ― i-deung-bakke mot hada ― to only get second place

   8. (of prices, whether literal or figuratively) to cost, to be worth (a certain price)

      집 한 채에 십 억이나 한다. ― Jip han chae-e sip eog-ina handa. ― Each house is worth as much as a billion won.

      밥값도 못 하는 놈

      bapgap-do mot haneun nom

      worthless person

      (literally, “bastard who isn't even worth the price of his food”)

   9. (usually with 어떻게 (“how”)) to treat, to deal with

      이 문제를 어떻게 할까요? ― I munje-reul eotteoke halkka-yo? ― How should we deal with this problem?

   10. (euphemistic) to acquire (an object, by purchase or other arrangement)

       휴대폰을 하나 하다 ― hyudaepon-eul hana hada ― to get a cell phone

2. to say (that):

   Synonym: (Gyeongsang dialect) 카다 (kada)

   1. (after an indirect quotation) to say (that)

      Synonym: 그러다 (geureoda)

      잠깐 쉬자고 했다. ― Jamkkan swija-go haetda. ― She said we should rest a bit.

      잠깐 쉬자는 소리에 나는 고개를 돌렸다.

      Jamkkan swija-neun sori-e na-neun gogae-reul dollyeotda.

      At her saying we should rest a bit, I turned my head.

      (See Usage notes for the contraction)

   2. (after a direct quotation, colloquial, especially as 하고) to be like; to say (that)

      Synonym: 이러다 (ireoda)

      걔가 "씨발" 하고 욕하더라.

      Gyae-ga ssibal hago yok-hadeora.

      He cussed, like "fuck".

      걔가 나보고 "너 미쳤냐?" 하는 거 있지?

      Gyae-ga na-bogo neo micheonnya? Haneun geo itji?

      He was telling me, you know, "Are you insane?"

   3. (transitive) to call, to name

      서로 의미가 같은 단어를 동의어라 한다.

      Seoro uimi-ga gateun daneo-reul dong'uieo-ra handa.

      Words which have the same meaning are called synonyms.

   4. (after an ideophone or onomatopoeia) to go; make the sound of the onomatopoeia; to act according to the ideophone

      돌이 쿵 하고 떨어졌다. ― Dor-i kung hago tteoreojeotda. ― The rock fell, going "boom".

      병아리가 삐악삐악했다. ― Byeong'ari-ga ppiakppiak-haetda. ― The chick went "chirp-chirp".

   5. (after an interrogative suffix) to wonder, to ponder

      그가 뭘 보는가 했더니 만화책이었다.

      Geu-ga mwol boneun'ga haetdeoni manhwachaeg-ieotda.

      I was wondering what he was reading; it was a comic book.

3. (transitive, with 으로 (“with”)) to make, to render:
   1. (with a noun) to decide on; to make; to use (as)

      Synonym: 삼다 (samda)

      황제는 차자를 태자로 했다. ― Hwangje-neun chaja-reul taeja-ro haetda. ― The emperor decided on his second son as his heir.

      그 여인을 부인으로 했다. ― Geu yeoin-eul bu'in-euro haetda. ― He made that woman his wife.

      아일랜드 농민들은 감자를 주식으로 했다.

      Aillaendeu nongmin-deur-eun gamja-reul jusig-euro haetda.

      The Irish peasantry had potatoes as their staple food.

   3. (with a clause nominalized with 기 or 것) to decide

      친구하고 등산하기로 했어요. ― Chin'gu-hago deungsanhagi-ro haesseoyo. ― I decided to go hiking with my friend.

      그는 전쟁을 하기로 했다. ― Geu-neun jeonjaeng-eul hagi-ro haetda. ― He decided to wage war.

      정책을 추진하는 것으로 했습니다.

      Jeongchaeg-eul chujin-haneun geos-euro haetseumnida.

      We decided to push forward with the policy.

   4. (with a direction) to cause to face

      얼굴을 메카 방향으로 하고 기도를 드렸다.

      Eolgur-eul Meka banghyang-euro hago gido-reul deuryeotda.

      He had his face face Mecca, and offered his prayers.

4. (intransitive, with indirect object, with adverb) to treat (in a certain way)

   Synonym: 대(對)하다 (daehada)

   내가 남친한테 너무 나쁘게 한 것 같다.

   Nae-ga namchin-hante neomu nappeuge han geot gatda.

   I feel I treated my boyfriend too badly.

5. (auxiliary) See 어하다 (-eohada, “to consider (as); to find (as)”).
6. Used as a light verb to allow nouns and noun-like forms to function as active verbs. The verb itself has little to no real meaning. The noun functions as a direct object of the verb, being able to take particles such as the accusative case marker 을 or the topic marker 은.

   ‎말 (mal, “speech”) + ‎하다 (hada) → ‎말하다 (malhada, “to talk”)

   ‎번역(飜譯) (beonyeok, “translation”) + ‎하다 (hada) → ‎번역(飜譯)하다 (beonyeokhada, “to translate”)

   ‎사랑 (sarang, “love”) + ‎하다 (hada) → ‎사랑하다 (saranghada, “to love”)

   나를 사랑은 했어? ― Na-reul sarang-eun haess-eo? ― Did you even love me?

   전쟁을 하는 것이 얼마나 끔찍한 일인지 나는 몰랐었다.

   Jeonjaeng-eul haneun geos-i eolmana kkeumjjikhan ir-inji na-neun mollasseotda.

   I had not known what a terrible thing it is to wage war.

7. Used as a light verb to allow nouns and noun-like forms to function as adjectives. The verb itself has little to no real meaning. The noun can be separated by the topic marker 은.

   ‎클린 (keullin, from English clean) + ‎하다 (hada) → ‎클린하다 (keullinhada, “to be clean”)

   ‎은은(隱隱) (euneun, “being beautifully indistinct”) + ‎하다 (hada) → ‎은은(隱隱)하다 (euneunhada, “to be beautifully indistinct”)

   건강은 한데 맛이 너무 역하다.

   Geon'gang-eun hande mas-i neomu yeokhada.

   It's good for your health, but it tastes too repulsive.

8. After certain roots, fully suffixed to form an inseparable verb or adjective. Such roots tend to be single-character Sino-Korean morphemes.

   ‎착 (chak, of unknown etymology; from Manchu ᠴᠠᡴ (cak)?) + ‎하다 (hada) → ‎착하다 (chakhada, “to be nice”)

   ‎망(亡) (mang, “ruin, destruction”) + ‎하다 (hada) → ‎망(亡)하다 (manghada, “to be brought to ruin”)

9. Used with no real meaning after a verb or adjective nominalized with 기 and followed by a particle.

   먹기는 했다. ― Meokgi-neun haetda. ― She did eat [but did not do anything else].

   먹기만 했다. ― Meokgi-man haetda. ― All she did was eat.

   먹기도 했다. ― Meokgi-do haetda. ― She also ate.

10. Used as the neutral verbal element after suffixes expressing intent.

    Synonym: (Gyeongsang dialect) 카다 (kada)

    인도로 가고자 했다. ― Indo-ro ga-goja haetda. ― He intended to go to India.

    빨리 도망가려고 했다. ― Ppalli domang-ga-ryeogo haetda. ― He quickly tried to run away.

11. Used as the neutral verbal element for constructions with repeated suffixes.

    앉았다가 섰다가 했다.

    Anj-at-daga seot-daga haetda.

    He was sitting down, then standing up, then sitting down again.

    갈까 말까 했다.

    Galkka malkka haetda.

    He wondered if he should go or not.

    아기는 울고 웃고 했다.

    Agi-neun ulgo utgo haetda.

    The baby was crying, then smiling.

12. (colloquial) and all; used after 고 to emphasize a suffix expressing causation.

    Synonym: 그러다 (geureoda)

    비가 와서 > 비가 오고 해서

    bi-ga waseo > bi-ga ogo haeseo

    since it was raining > since it was raining and all

    기분이 안 좋길래 > 기분이 안 좋고 하길래

    gibun-i an jo-killae > gibun-i an jo-ko hagillae

    since I was feeling bad > since I was feeling bad and all

13. Various idiomatic usages:
    1. See 게 하다 (-ge hada, “to make; (forms the causative)”).
    2. See 고는 하다 (-goneun hada, “[one] would [customarily]...”).
    3. See 다 하면 (-da hamyeon, “if... always”).
    4. See 어야 하다 (-eoya hada, “must; should; have to”).
    5. See 었으면 하다 (-eosseumyeon hada, “to wish; to hope”).
    6. See 으로 하여 (-euro hayeo, “because of; via”).
    7. See 쯤 해서 (-jjeum haeseo, “around the time...”).
    8. See 하고 (-hago, “and, with”).
    9. See 하면 (hamyeon, “as for”).
    10. See 할 것 없다 (hal geot eopda, “to have no need to distinguish”).

Usage notes

("to say", for direct quotes):

• Using 하고 (hago) is more colloquial and has a nuance of more intimate or faithful quoting than using 이라고 (-irago). For example, speakers use 하고 (hago) when imitating the actual way something was said (e.g. someone's accent, prosody, etc.), and 이라고 (-irago) when quoting written material.

  나보고 "야 너 어디야?" 하고 묻는 거야. ― Na-bogo ya neo eodi-ya? Hago munneun geo-ya. ― He was like, "Hey, where are you?"

  촉수엄금이라고 적혀있었다. ― Choksueomgeum-irago jeokhyeo-isseotda. ― It was written, "Do not touch."

(compounds)

• As Korean verbs and adjectives are a fully closed class, all newly borrowed or coined verbs and adjectives must be formed by 하다 (hada).

(contractions)

• In compound verbs or adjectives, the stem can be contracted. This often has a literary nuance.
  • After obstruent-final stems, the entire stem 하 (ha-) is dropped.

    생각하지 않았다 > 생각지 않았다 ― saenggak-ha-ji anatda > saenggak-ji anatda ― one did not think

    깨끗하고 > 깨끗고 ― kkaekkeut-ha-go > kkaekkeut-go ― it is clean, and...

  • After sonorant-final stems, only the vowel is dropped and the initial ㅎ (h) merges with the following suffix, so that suffixes beginning with the consonants ㄱ (g), ㄷ (d), and ㅈ (j) are aspirated to begin with ㅋ (k), ㅌ (t), and ㅊ (ch):

    고요하지 않았다 > 고요치 않았다 ― goyo-ha-ji anatda > goyo-chi anatda ― it was not calm

    편안하고 > 편안코 ― pyeonan-ha-go > pyeonan-ko ― one is comfortable, and...

• For some of the adverbs formed by such a contraction of conjugated forms, the presumed original verb or adjective is no longer widely used, if at all. For example, the adverb 기어(期於)코 (gieoko, “no matter what; in the end”) has no corresponding adjective *기어(期於)하다 (*gieohada).
• Some of these contracted forms have undergone semantic shifts and are no longer fully equivalent to the uncontracted forms. For example, 무심(無心)코 (musimko, “thoughtlessly”) cannot be replaced by 무심(無心)하고 (musim-hago, “[one] is careless, and...”).
• Contraction is more common for connective suffixes and less common for sentence-final ones, especially informal ones.
• Contraction is more common in Gyeongsang dialect than in Standard Seoul Korean.

(contraction in indirect quotes)

• In indirect quotes, the entire stem 하 (ha-) is commonly dropped.

  쉬자(고) 하는 소리 > 쉬자는 소리 ― swi-ja(-go) ha-neun sori > swi-ja-neun sori ― her saying we should rest

  없다(고) 하더라 > 없다더라 ― eop-da(-go) ha-deora > eop-da-deora ― He said it wasn't there.

(conjugation)

• In less formal language, the infinitive 하여 (hayeo) is always contracted to 해 (hae).
• Because the intimate style is never formal by definition, 하여 (hayeo) can never replace 해 (hae) in such contexts.

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the verb 하다 (hada): vowel-stem, 하(ha)-irregular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	한다 handa	해 hae	해요 haeyo	합니다 hamnida
	Past	했다 haetda	했어 haesseo	했어요 haesseoyo	했습니다 haetseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	하느냐 haneunya	해 hae	해요 haeyo	합니까 hamnikka
	Past	했느냐 haenneunya	했어 haesseo	했어요 haesseoyo	했습니까 haetseumnikka
Hortative		하자 haja	해 hae	해요 haeyo	하십시다 hasipsida
Imperative		해라, 하여라 haera, hayeora	해 hae	해요 haeyo	합시오 hapsio
Assertive		하겠다 hagetda	하겠어 hagesseo	하겠어요 hagesseoyo	하겠습니다 hagetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		해 hae	해서, 하여서 haeseo, hayeoseo	하니 hani	하니까 hanikka
Contrast		하지만 hajiman	하는데 haneunde	하더니 hadeoni
Conjunction		하고 hago
Condition		하면 hamyeon	해야, 하여야 haeya, hayeoya
Motive		하려고 haryeogo
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		함 ham	하기 hagi
Past-tense verbal nouns		했음, 하였음 haesseum, hayeosseum	했기, 하였기 haetgi, hayeotgi
Determiners	Past	한 han
	Present	하는 haneun
	Future	할 hal

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	하신다 hasinda	하셔 hasyeo	하세요, 하셔요 haseyo, hasyeoyo	하십니다 hasimnida
	Past	하셨다 hasyeotda	하셨어 hasyeosseo	하셨어요 hasyeosseoyo	하셨습니다 hasyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	하시느냐 hasineunya	하셔 hasyeo	하세요, 하셔요 haseyo, hasyeoyo	하십니까 hasimnikka
	Past	하셨느냐 hasyeonneunya	하셨어 hasyeosseo	하셨어요 hasyeosseoyo	하셨습니까 hasyeotseumnikka
Imperative		하시라 hasira	하셔 hasyeo	하세요 haseyo	하십시오 hasipsio
Assertive		하시겠다 hasigetda	하시겠어 hasigesseo	하시겠어요 hasigesseoyo	하시겠습니다 hasigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		하셔 hasyeo	하셔서 hasyeoseo	하시니 hasini	하시니까 hasinikka
Contrast		하시지만 hasijiman	하시는데 hasineunde	하시더니 hasideoni
Conjunction		하시고 hasigo
Condition		하시면 hasimyeon	하셔야 hasyeoya
Motive		하시려고 hasiryeogo
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		하심 hasim	하시기 hasigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		하셨음 hasyeosseum	하셨기 hasyeotgi
Determiners	Past	하신 hasin
	Present	하시는 hasineun
	Future	하실 hasil

Middle Korean

Etymology

Suspected to have same root with Middle Korean 크〮다〮 (khú-tá, “to be big”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /hà.tá/, [hà.dá]

Adjective

하다〮 (hàtá)

1. to be big; to be many
   • 1459, Hunminjeong'eum eonhae 訓民正音諺解 / 훈민정음언해:

     ᄆᆞᄎᆞᆷ〮내〯 제 ᄠᅳ〮들〮 시러〮 펴디〮 몯〯 ᄒᆞᇙ 노〮미〮 하니〮라〮

     mòchómnǎy cèy ptút-úl sìlé phyètí mwǒt hòlq nwóm-í hànílá

     ...many of them in the end cannot state their concerns.

Derived terms

• 한〮비〮 (hánpí, “heavy rain”)

 

Descendants

• Early Modern Korean: 하다 (hata)
• ⇒ Korean: 한강(漢江) (han'gang, “Han River (in Seoul)”)
• ⇒ Korean: 한숨 (hansum, “sigh”)