-ed

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ed"

English

Alternative forms

• -d (now standard only after -e)
• -'d (chiefly poetry)
• -èd (chiefly poetry)

Pronunciation

• (in verbs, past participles, and some denominal adjectives):
  • (after a vowel or a voiced consonant other than a /d/) enPR: d, IPA^(key): /d/
  • (after a voiceless consonant other than a /t/) enPR: t, IPA^(key): /t/
  • (after a /d/ or /t/) same as below
• (other denominal adjectives):
  • (UK) enPR: ĭd, IPA^(key): /ɪd/

• Audio (Southern England):

  (file)

  • (US) enPR: ĭd, IPA^(key): /ɪd/ or enPR: əd, IPA^(key): /əd/
  • (General Australian) enPR: əd, IPA^(key): /əd/

Other dialects

• (Hong Kong)
  • (after a /d/ or /t/) IPA^(key): /əd/
  • (after vowels) IPA^(key): /d/, /dəd/
  • (after other consonants) IPA^(key): /dəd/

Etymology 1

From Middle English -ede, -eden, from Old English -ode, -odon (class 2 weak past ending), from Proto-Germanic *-ōd-, *-ōdēdun. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -ede (“-ed”, first person singular past indicative ending), German Low German -de (“-ed”, first and third person singular past indicative ending), Swedish -ade (“-ed”), Icelandic -aði (“-ed”).

Suffix

-ed

1. Used to form past tenses of (regular) verbs. In linguistics, it is used for the base form of any past form. See -t for a variant.

   ‎point + ‎-ed → ‎pointed

   He pointed at the dog.

Translations

past tense

• Dzongkha: ཅི (ci)
• Esperanto: -is (eo)
• Hungarian: -t/-tt/-ott/-ett/-ött
• Japanese: -た (-ta)
• Korean: 았 (-at)
• Kurdish:

  Northern Kurdish: -d (ku) (for most transitive verbs) -î (ku) (for most intransitive verbs and a few transitive verbs), -t (ku) (for some basic verbs, both transitive and intransitive)

• Norwegian:

  Bokmål: -a (no), -et (no), -te, -de, -dd, -tt, -tø, -øt, -øyt

  Nynorsk: -a, -te, -de, -dd, -tt, -aut

• Persian: ـده (-de), ـد (-d), ـته (-te), ـت (-t)
• Polish: -ł
• Russian: -л (ru) m (-l), -ла (ru) f (-la), -ло (ru) n (-lo), -ли (ru) pl (-li)
• Spanish: -ado (es)
• Swedish: -de (sv), -t (sv)
• Ukrainian: -в m (-v), -ла f (-la), -ло n (-lo), -ли pl (-ly)
• Vietnamese: đã (vi)

Etymology 2

From Middle English -ed, from Old English -od (class 2 weak past participle), from Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -ed.

Suffix

-ed

1. Used to form past participles of (regular) verbs. See -en and -t for variants.

   ‎point + ‎-ed → ‎pointed

   He has pointed at the dog.

Etymology 3

From Middle English -ed, from Old English -od (adjective suffix), from Proto-Germanic *-ōdaz, from Proto-Indo-European *-eh₂tos. While identical in appearance to the past participle of class 2 weak verbs, this suffix was attached directly to nouns without any intervening verb. Cognate with Latin -ātus (whence also a doublet -ate).

Suffix

-ed

2. Used to form possessional adjectives from nouns, in the sense of having the object represented by the noun.

   Antonym: -less

   ‎point + ‎-ed → ‎pointed

   ‎horn + ‎-ed → ‎horned

   ‎hoof + ‎-ed → ‎hooved

4. As an extension of the above, used to form possessional adjectives from adjective-noun pairs.

   ‎red + ‎hair + ‎-ed → ‎red-haired

   ‎left + ‎hand + ‎-ed → ‎left-handed

   ‎two + ‎prong(s) + ‎-ed → ‎two-pronged

Derived terms

English terms suffixed with -ed

Translations

having an object

• Dutch: -ig (nl), ge- -d (nl)
• Finnish: -kas (fi)
• Hungarian: -s/-os/-as/-es/-ös
• Indonesian: ber- (id)
• Japanese: 気味 (ja) (kimi)
• Kurdish:

  Northern Kurdish: -dar (ku), bi- (ku)

• Malay: ber- (ms)
• Persian: ـدار (-dâr)
• Swedish: -ig (sv), -ad (sv)

having an object of a particular quality

• Dutch: -ig (nl), also as a past participle: ge- (nl) + -d (nl)
• Finnish: -nen (fi)
• Hungarian: -ú/-ű/-jú/-jű
• Indonesian: ber- (id)
• Japanese: 気味 (ja) (kimi)
• Malay: ber- (ms)
• Polish: -y (pl) m, -ny (pl) m
• Swedish: -ig (sv), -ad (sv)

See also

• -t
• -ing

Anagrams

• de-, D&E, dE, DE, de, De

Breton

Etymology

Cognate to Cornish -es.

Suffix

-ed

1. Suffix denoting plural of certain nouns

   ‎kazhez (“female cat”) + ‎-ed → ‎kazhezed (“female cats”)

Derived terms

Breton terms suffixed with -ed

Hungarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɛd]
• Rhymes: -ɛd

Etymology 1

From -e- (linking vowel) +‎ -d (possessive suffix).

Suffix

-ed

2. (possessive suffix) your (second-person singular, single possession)

   ‎kert (“garden”) + ‎-ed → ‎kerted (“your (singular, informal) garden”)

   Megbízol engem a kerted gondozásával? ― Will you entrust me with the care of your garden?

Usage notes

• (possessive suffix) Variants:

  -d is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.

  -ad is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -od is added to the other back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -ed is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -öd is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

Etymology 2

From -e- (linking vowel) +‎ -d (personal suffix).

Suffix

-ed

2. (personal suffix) Forms the definite second-person singular indicative present of verbs.

   ‎fest (“to paint”) + ‎-ed → ‎fested (“you paint [him/her/it], you are painting [him/her/it]”)

   Mikor fested a kerítést? ― When do you paint the fence?

Usage notes

• (personal suffix) See harmonic variants in the table below.

    Present tense definite – personal endings

Person		Back vowel	Front vowel
			unrounded	rounded
én	1st person singular	-om	-em	-öm
te	2nd person singular	-od	-ed	-öd
ő maga ön	3rd person singular or formal 2nd person singular	-ja	-i
mi	1st person plural	-juk	-jük
ti	2nd person plural	-játok	-itek
ők maguk önök	3rd person plural or formal 2nd person plural	-ják	-ik
See also: present-tense indefinite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing.

Etymology 3

From -e- (linking vowel) +‎ -d (fraction-forming and verb-forming suffix).

Suffix

-ed

2. (fraction-forming suffix) -th (added to a cardinal number to form a fraction)

   ‎ezer (“thousand”) + ‎-ed → ‎ezred (“thousandth”)

4. (frequentative verb-forming suffix) Added to a stem to form a verb to indicate repetitive action. No longer productive.

   szenved (“to suffer”)

Usage notes

• (fraction-forming suffix) Variants:

  -d is added to words ending in a vowel

  -ad is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -od is added to some other back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -ed is added to unrounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -öd is added to rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

• (frequentative suffix) Variants:

  -d is found only in a few words as an obscured suffix

  mond (“to say, tell”), kezd (“to begin”)

  -od is added to back-vowel words

  tapod (“to tread on something”)

  -ad is added to back-vowel words

  -ed is added to unrounded front-vowel words

  szenved (“to suffer”)

  -öd is added to rounded front-vowel words

  bököd (“to repeatedly poke at something”)

Derived terms

Hungarian fractional numbers suffixed with -ed

See also

• Category:Hungarian noun forms
• Category:Hungarian verb forms
• Appendix:Hungarian possessive suffixes
• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

Ido

Etymology

From French -ée, Italian -ata, Spanish -ada, ultimately from Latin -atus.

Suffix

-ed

1. contents of, -ful.

   ‎manuo (“hand”) + ‎-ed → ‎manuedo (“handful”)

Derived terms

Category Ido terms suffixed with -ed not found

Middle English

Etymology 1

Suffix

-ed

1. Forms the past participle of weak verbs.

Alternative forms

• -et, -it, -t

Etymology 2

Suffix

-ed

1. Alternative form of -hede

References

• “-(e)d, suf.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

Old English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ed/

Suffix

-ed

1. formed into the likeness of, made into, shaped like, having the qualities of

   ‎æppel (“apple”) + ‎-ed → ‎æppled (“apple-shaped”)

2. Used to form the past participle of class I weak verbs

   ‎fremman (“to perform”) + ‎-ed → ‎fremed (“performed”)

Old Irish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /eð/

Suffix

-ed

1. slender form of -ad

Spanish

Etymology

From Latin -ēte (second-person plural present active imperative ending of second conjugation verbs).

Suffix

-ed

1. used to form the informal second-person plural imperative mood of -er verbs

   ‎comer (“to eat”) + ‎-ed → ‎¡Comed! (“Eat!”)

Swedish

Suffix

-ed c

Examples
Dals Långed Hamneda Ed

1. (place-names) path between or along water

   Synonym: -eda

See also

• ed (“isthmus”)

Welsh

Etymology 1

From Proto-Brythonic *-hed, from Proto-Celtic *-isetos.

Pronunciation

• (North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ɛd/
  • (North Wales, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ad/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /ɛd/

Suffix

-ed

1. Forms an equative of an adjective of one or two syllables.

   ‎gwan (“weak”) + ‎-ed → ‎gwanned (“as weak”)

   ‎rhad (“cheap”) + ‎-ed → ‎rhated (“as cheap”)

   ‎cynt (“faster, earlier, sooner”) + ‎-ed → ‎cynted (“as fast, as early, as soon”)

Usage notes

Causes fortition of final voiced consonant of adjectival roots.

Etymology 2

Reduced form of -fed. Cognate with Cornish -es.

Pronunciation

• (North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ɛd/
  • (North Wales, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ad/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /ɛd/

Suffix

-ed

1. Used to form the ordinal forms of five and six.

   Synonyms: -edd, -fed, -ydd

   ‎pump (“five”) + ‎-ed → ‎pumed (“fifth”)

   ‎chwech (“six”) + ‎-ed → ‎chweched (“sixth”)

Etymology 3

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-tis or Proto-Indo-European *-tus.

Pronunciation

• (North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ɛd/
  • (North Wales, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ad/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /ɛd/

Suffix

-ed

1. Used to form verbal nouns.

   ‎cerdd- (“to walk”, stem) + ‎-ed → ‎cerdded (“to walk”, verbal noun)

   ‎clyw- (“to hear”, stem) + ‎-ed → ‎clywed (“to hear”, verbal noun)

Etymology 4

Cognate with Cornish -es.

Pronunciation

• (North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ɛd/
  • (North Wales, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ad/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /ɛd/

Suffix

-ed

1. Used to form nouns.

   ‎colli (“to lose”) + ‎-ed → ‎colled (“loss”)

   ‎sych (“dry”) + ‎-ed → ‎syched (“thirst”)

   ‎cymuno (“to take communion, to communicate”) + ‎-ed → ‎cymuned (“community”)

Etymology 5

Pronunciation

• (North Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ɛd/
  • (North Wales, colloquial) IPA^(key): /ad/, /ai̯d/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /ɛd/

Suffix

-ed

1. Used to form plural nouns.

   Synonyms: -aid, -aint, -au, -edd, -en, -i, -iadau, -iaid, -iau, -ion, -od, -oedd, -on, -ydd, -yr, -ys

   ‎pryf (“bug, insect”) + ‎-ed → ‎pryfed (“bugs, insects”)

   ‎merch (“girl”) + ‎-ed → ‎merched (“girls”)

Usage notes

-ed is only used in the above two plural forms in Modern Welsh.

Etymology 6

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɛd/

Suffix

-ed

1. (literary) verb suffix for the third-person singular imperative

Etymology 7

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɛd/

Suffix

-ed

1. (literary) verb suffix for the third-person singular imperative

   Synonyms: -pwyd, -wyd

Usage notes

• Rare in Modern Welsh with a few verbs creating an alternative secondary form.

ganwyd, ganed ― was born, one bore

trowyd, troed ― was turned, one turned

cafwyd, caed ― was had, one had

daethpwyd, deuwyd, doed ― one came

Derived terms

Welsh terms suffixed with -ed

Further reading

R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “-ed”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies