-ek

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ek"

Basque

Etymology 1

Suffix

-ek

1. Ergative plural suffix.

   Txakurrek katuak jan dituzte. ― The dogs have eaten the cats.

Declension

Basque inflectional suffixes
		indefinite	singular	plural	proximal plural
absolutive		-∅	-a	-ak	-ok
ergative		-(e)k	-ak	-ek
dative		-(r)i	-ari	-ei	-oi
genitive		-(r)en	-aren	-en	-on
comitative		-(r)ekin	-arekin	-ekin	-okin
causative		-(r)engatik	-arengatik	-engatik	-ongatik
benefactive		-(r)entzat	-arentzat	-entzat	-ontzat
instrumental		-(e)z	-az	-ez	-oz
inessive	anim.	-(r)engan	-arengan	-engan	-ongan
	inanim.	-(e)tan	-an	-etan	-otan
locative	anim.	―	―	―	―
	inanim.	-(e)tako	-(e)ko	-etako	-otako
allative	anim.	-(r)engana	-arengana	-engana	-ongana
	inanim.	-(e)tara	-(e)ra	-etara	-otara
terminative	anim.	-(r)enganaino	-arenganaino	-enganaino	-onganaino
	inanim.	-(e)taraino	-(e)raino	-etaraino	-otaraino
directive	anim.	-(r)enganantz	-arenganantz	-enganantz	-onganantz
	inanim.	-(e)tarantz	-(e)rantz	-etarantz	-otarantz
destinative	anim.	-(r)enganako	-arenganako	-enganako	-onganako
	inanim.	-(e)tarako	-(e)rako	-etarako	-otarako
ablative	anim.	-(r)engandik	-arengandik	-engandik	-ongandik
	inanim.	-(e)tatik	-(e)tik	-etik	-otik
partitive		-(r)ik	―	―	―
prolative		-tzat	―	―	―

Etymology 2

From -e- (epenthetic vowel) +‎ -k (ergative suffix).

Suffix

-ek

1. Allomorphic post-consonantal form of -k (ergative indefinite suffix)

Declension

Basque inflectional suffixes
		indefinite	singular	plural	proximal plural
absolutive		-∅	-a	-ak	-ok
ergative		-(e)k	-ak	-ek
dative		-(r)i	-ari	-ei	-oi
genitive		-(r)en	-aren	-en	-on
comitative		-(r)ekin	-arekin	-ekin	-okin
causative		-(r)engatik	-arengatik	-engatik	-ongatik
benefactive		-(r)entzat	-arentzat	-entzat	-ontzat
instrumental		-(e)z	-az	-ez	-oz
inessive	anim.	-(r)engan	-arengan	-engan	-ongan
	inanim.	-(e)tan	-an	-etan	-otan
locative	anim.	―	―	―	―
	inanim.	-(e)tako	-(e)ko	-etako	-otako
allative	anim.	-(r)engana	-arengana	-engana	-ongana
	inanim.	-(e)tara	-(e)ra	-etara	-otara
terminative	anim.	-(r)enganaino	-arenganaino	-enganaino	-onganaino
	inanim.	-(e)taraino	-(e)raino	-etaraino	-otaraino
directive	anim.	-(r)enganantz	-arenganantz	-enganantz	-onganantz
	inanim.	-(e)tarantz	-(e)rantz	-etarantz	-otarantz
destinative	anim.	-(r)enganako	-arenganako	-enganako	-onganako
	inanim.	-(e)tarako	-(e)rako	-etarako	-otarako
ablative	anim.	-(r)engandik	-arengandik	-engandik	-ongandik
	inanim.	-(e)tatik	-(e)tik	-etik	-otik
partitive		-(r)ik	―	―	―
prolative		-tzat	―	―	―

Breton

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ek/

Suffix

-ek

1. Adjectival suffix

   ‎douar (“earth”) + ‎-ek → ‎douarek (“earthy, earthly”)

   ‎dour (“water”) + ‎-ek → ‎dourek (“watery, humid”)

   ‎houarn (“iron”) + ‎-ek → ‎houarnek (“ferrous”)

Derived terms

Breton terms suffixed with -ek

Related terms

• -eg

 

Cornish

Etymology

Derived from Proto-Celtic *-ākos.

Pronunciation

• (Revived Middle Cornish) IPA^(key): [-ɛk]
• (Revived Late Cornish) IPA^(key): [-ɐk]

Suffix

-ek

1. Adjectival suffix

   ‎mor (“sea”) + ‎-ek → ‎morek (“maritime”)

   ‎spern (“thorn bushes”) + ‎-ek → ‎spernek (“thorny”)

   ‎Frynk (“France”) + ‎-ek → ‎frynkek (“French”)

2. Adjectival suffix denoting abundance

   ‎ys (“corn”) + ‎-ek → ‎ysek (“abounding in corn”)

   ‎pysk (“fish”) + ‎-ek → ‎pyskek (“abounding in fish”)

3. Adjectival suffix denoting prominence; "having big X"

   ‎lagas (“eye”) + ‎-ek → ‎lagasek (“big-eyed”)

   ‎troos (“foot”) + ‎-ek → ‎tròsek (“big-footed”)

   ‎skovarn (“ear”) + ‎-ek → ‎skovarnek (“big-eared”)

Suffix

-ek m (plural -ogyon or -oges)

1. Forms masculine nouns

   ‎kroghen (“skin”) + ‎-ek → ‎kronek (“toad”)

   ‎dren (“thorn”) + ‎-ek → ‎drenek (“spurdog”)

Suffix

-ek f (plural -egi)

1. Forms feminine nouns denoting a place where something is abundant

   ‎enys (“island”) + ‎-ek → ‎enesek (“archipelago”)

   ‎lytheren (“letter, character”) + ‎-ek → ‎lytherennek (“alphabet”)

   ‎pysk (“fish”) + ‎-ek → ‎pyskek (“fishing-ground”)

Suffix

-ek

1. Verbal ending

   ‎res (“race, course”) + ‎-ek → ‎resek (“to run, race”)

Derived terms

Cornish terms suffixed with -ek

References

• 2020, An Gerlyver Meur, ed. Dr Ken George (3rd edition, p.184)

Czech

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ.

Suffix

-ek m inan or m anim (noun-forming suffix)

1. forms masculine diminutive nouns

   ‎stůl + ‎-ek → ‎stolek

Declension

inanimate:

Declension of -ek (velar masculine inanimate reducible)

	singular	plural
nominative	-ek	-ky
genitive	-ku	-ků
dative	-ku	-kům
accusative	-ek	-ky
vocative	-ku	-ky
locative	-ku	-cích
instrumental	-kem	-ky

animate:

Declension of -ek (velar masculine animate reducible)

	singular	plural
nominative	-ek	-ci
genitive	-ka	-ků
dative	-kovi, -ku	-kům
accusative	-ka	-ky
vocative	-ku	-ci
locative	-kovi, -ku	-cích
instrumental	-kem	-ky

Derived terms

Czech terms suffixed with -ek

Further reading

• -ek in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017

Hungarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɛk]
• Rhymes: -ɛk

Etymology 1

From -e- (linking vowel) +‎ -k (plural suffix).

Suffix

-ek

2. (plural suffix) -s, -es

   ‎kert (“garden”) + ‎-ek → ‎kertek (“gardens”)

Usage notes

• (plural suffix) Variants:

  -k is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.

  ‎nő (“woman”) + ‎-k → ‎nők (“women”)

  ‎fa (“tree”) + ‎-k → ‎fák (“trees”)

  ‎csésze (“cup”) + ‎-k → ‎csészék (“cups”)

  -ak is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant:

  ‎ház (“house”) + ‎-ak → ‎házak (“houses”)

  -ok is added to most back-vowel words ending in a consonant:

  ‎pad (“bench”) + ‎-ok → ‎padok (“benches”)

  -ek is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant:

  ‎kert (“garden”) + ‎-ek → ‎kertek (“gardens”)

  ‎könyv (“book”) + ‎-ek → ‎könyvek (“books”)

  -ök is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant:

  ‎kör (“circle”) + ‎-ök → ‎körök (“circles”)

• Note that the plural form is not used after definite and indefinite numerals in Hungarian: három könyv (“three books”), néhány óra múlva (“in a few hours’ time”). There are very few (traditional, archaic) exceptions, including háromkirályok (“the Three Magi”), mindenszentek (“All Saints”), and certain archaic phrases with összes (“all”) and minden (“every”) (see their Usage notes).
• The regular plural suffix for back-vowel adjectives is -ak, for example okosak (“smart/clever ones”). On the other hand, ethnonyms take -ok (e.g. olaszok (“Italians”), see the back-vowel terms in their category), as well as some other adjectives, including privative (“…-less”) ones (formed with -talan, -atlan, or -tlan). Rounded front-vowel adjectives normally take -ek, for example zöldek (“green ones”), except for demonyms (see rounded front-vowel terms in their category).
• If a word can be both a noun and an adjective, the form of its ending gives information about its function, e.g. játékosok (“players”, noun) and játékosak (“playful”, adjective as part of a plural predicate). The same distinction also exists with words with rounded front vowels, e.g. ismerős: ismerősök (“acquaintances”, noun) and ismerősek (“familiar”, adjective as part of a plural predicate).

Etymology 2

From -e- (linking vowel) +‎ -k (personal suffix).

Suffix

-ek

2. (personal suffix) Forms the first-person singular present tense of verbs (indicative mood, indefinite conjugation).

   ‎kér (“to ask, request”) + ‎-ek → ‎kérek (“I ask, I am asking”)

   Engedélyt kérek a távozásra. ― I request permission to leave.

Usage notes

    Present tense indefinite – personal suffixes

Person		Back     vowel	Front vowel
			unrounded	rounded
én	1st person singular	-ok	-ek	-ök
	-ik verbs (optional)	-om	-em	-öm
te	2nd person singular	-sz
	after two consonants or a long vowel + t	-asz	-esz
	after s, sz, z, dz	-ol	-el	-öl
ő maga ön	3rd person singular	–
	-ik verbs	-ik
mi	1st person plural	-unk	-ünk
ti	2nd person plural	-tok	-tek	-tök
	after two consonants or a long vowel + t	-otok	-etek	-ötök
ők maguk önök	3rd person plural	-nak	-nek
	after two consonants or a long vowel + t	-anak	-enek
See also: present-tense definite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing.

• (personal suffix) Variants:

  -ok is added to back-vowel verbs

  -ek is added to unrounded front-vowel verbs

  -ök is added to rounded front-vowel verbs

  -om may be added to back-vowel -ik verbs

  -em may be added to unrounded front-vowel -ik verbs

  -öm may be added to rounded front-vowel -ik verbs

See also

• Category:Hungarian noun forms
• Category:Hungarian verb forms
• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

Mokilese

Suffix

-ek

1. Used to form intransitive verbs

Usage notes

This suffix sometimes becomes -iek after a vowel.

Derived terms

Mokilese terms suffixed with -ek

Northern Kurdish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɛk/

Suffix

-ek (Arabic spelling ـەک)

1. (affixed to words ending in a consonant) Alternative form of -yek (“a, an (indefinite article)”)

Northern Ohlone

Alternative forms

• -k (before vowels)

Etymology

Cognate with Southern Ohlone kan-.

Pronoun

-ek

1. I (first-person, singular, subject enclitic pronoun)

See also

Northern Ohlone personal pronouns

Number	Person	Subject			Object			Possesive
		Disjunctive1	Proclitic	Enclitic	Disjunctive1	Proclitic	Enclitic
Singular	First	kaana	ek-	-ek, -k	kiš, kaaniš	kiš-	-kiš	ek-, kaanak
	Second	meene	em-, im-	-em, -im, -m	miš	emiš-, imiš-, miš-	-miš	em-, meenem
	Third	waaka	Ø-2	-Ø2	wiš	Ø-2, eš-	-Ø2, -eš	i-, waakai-
Plural	First	makkin	mak-	-mak	makkiš, makkinše	—	—	mak-, makkinmak
	Second	makkam	kam-	-kam	makkamše	—	—	kam-, makkam
	Third	waakamak	ya-	-ya	yaṭiš	—	—	ya-, waakamak
1Disjunctive is mostly used in copular sentences or for emphasis, either alone (eg. kaana) or with a clitic (eg. kaana-k ...-ek). 2Null morpheme. An unmarked verb implies a third person singular pronoun. The disjunctives waaka and wiš may also be used. Note: Proclitic and enclitic forms can combine an undergo syncope, eg. ellešk (“let me do to him/her/it”) = elle +‎ -eš +‎ -ek

References

• María de los Angeles Colós, José Guzman, and John Peabody Harrington (1930s) Chochenyo Field Notes (Survey of California and Other Indian Langauges)‎^[1], Unpublished

Polish

Alternative forms

• -ik, -yk (masculine)
• -ka (feminine)
• -ko (neuter)

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъkъ.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɛk/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɛk
• Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]

Suffix

-ek m

1. masculine diminutive noun suffix

   ‎dół + ‎-ek → ‎dołek

   ‎Jarosław + ‎-ek → ‎Jarek

Declension

Masculine personal:

Declension of -ek

	singular	plural
nominative	-ek	-kowie / -ki
genitive	-ka	-ków
dative	-kowi	-kom
accusative	-ka	-ków
instrumental	-kiem	-kami
locative	-ku	-kach
vocative	-ku	-kowie / -ki

Note: The masculine personal nominative plural ending -ki is rare and mostly limited to depreciative forms or humorous expressions such as bawidamek, gagatek, złodziejaszek, hultajek, psotniczek, łobuziaczek.

Masculine animate:

Declension of -ek

	singular	plural
nominative	-ek	-ki
genitive	-ka	-ków
dative	-kowi	-kom
accusative	-ka	-ki
instrumental	-kiem	-kami
locative	-ku	-kach
vocative	-ku	-ki

Masculine inanimate:

Declension of -ek

	singular	plural
nominative	-ek	-ki
genitive	-ka / -ku	-ków
dative	-kowi	-kom
accusative	-ek	-ki
instrumental	-kiem	-kami
locative	-ku	-kach
vocative	-ku	-ki

Derived terms

Polish terms suffixed with -ek

See also

• -ś (forming nicknames)

Further reading

• -ek in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Serbo-Croatian

Suffix

-ek (Cyrillic spelling -ек)

1. Suffix appended to the present stem of verbs or nouns to form an adjective denoting a feature or a dimension.
   • Proto-Slavic *dalь + -ek → dalek (“far”).

See also

• -ak
• -ok

Suffix

-ek (Cyrillic spelling -ек)

1. (Kajkavian) Suffix appended to words to create a masculine noun, usually denoting a performer, feature, human relation, result of an action, object, diminutive or a proper name.

Turkish

Alternative forms

• -ak

Etymology

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ـك (-ek), from Proto-Turkic *-gek.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ec/

Suffix

-ek

1. Creates nouns out of verbs.
   • küre- (“to shovel”) + -ek → kürek (“shovel”).
   • gevre- (“to become crisp”) + -ek → gevrek (“crisp”).

Derived terms

Turkish terms suffixed with -ek

Yup'ik

Suffix

-ek

1. ablative-modalis case ending

Usage notes

A historical merger of ablative and modalis (instrumental). It performs a wide range of adverbial and syntactic functions.