-izo

See also: izo, Izo, and izó

Latin

Alternative forms

• -idiō (non-standard spelling; 2nd c. CE onwards)

Etymology

Borrowed from Ancient Greek -ίζω (-ízō). At first limited to borrowings from Greek but later become a productive suffix of its own. Doublet of -issō, which is found in an older layer of borrowings.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈiz.zoː/, [ˈɪz̪d̪͡z̪oː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈid.d͡zo/, [ˈid̪ː͡z̪o]

Suffix

-izō (present infinitive -izāre, perfect active -izāvī, supine -izātum); first conjugation

1. Used to form similative verbs from nouns and adjectives.

Conjugation

   Conjugation of -izō (first conjugation)

indicative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	-izō	-izās	-izat	-izāmus	-izātis	-izant
	imperfect	-izābam	-izābās	-izābat	-izābāmus	-izābātis	-izābant
	future	-izābō	-izābis	-izābit	-izābimus	-izābitis	-izābunt
	perfect	-izāvī	-izāvistī	-izāvit	-izāvimus	-izāvistis	-izāvērunt, -izāvēre
	pluperfect	-izāveram	-izāverās	-izāverat	-izāverāmus	-izāverātis	-izāverant
	future perfect	-izāverō	-izāveris	-izāverit	-izāverimus	-izāveritis	-izāverint
	sigmatic future1	-izāssō	-izāssis	-izāssit	-izāssimus	-izāssitis	-izāssint
passive	present	-izor	-izāris, -izāre	-izātur	-izāmur	-izāminī	-izantur
	imperfect	-izābar	-izābāris, -izābāre	-izābātur	-izābāmur	-izābāminī	-izābantur
	future	-izābor	-izāberis, -izābere	-izābitur	-izābimur	-izābiminī	-izābuntur
	perfect	-izātus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	-izātus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	-izātus + future active indicative of sum
	sigmatic future1	-izāssor	-izāsseris	-izāssitur	—	—	—
subjunctive		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	-izem	-izēs	-izet	-izēmus	-izētis	-izent
imperfect	-izārem	-izārēs	-izāret	-izārēmus	-izārētis	-izārent
perfect	-izāverim	-izāverīs	-izāverit	-izāverīmus	-izāverītis	-izāverint
pluperfect	-izāvissem	-izāvissēs	-izāvisset	-izāvissēmus	-izāvissētis	-izāvissent
sigmatic aorist1	-izāssim	-izāssīs	-izāssīt	-izāssīmus	-izāssītis	-izāssint
passive	present	-izer	-izēris, -izēre	-izētur	-izēmur	-izēminī	-izentur
imperfect	-izārer	-izārēris, -izārēre	-izārētur	-izārēmur	-izārēminī	-izārentur
perfect	-izātus + present active subjunctive of sum
pluperfect	-izātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	-izā	—	—	-izāte	—
	future	—	-izātō	-izātō	—	-izātōte	-izantō
passive	present	—	-izāre	—	—	-izāminī	—
	future	—	-izātor	-izātor	—	—	-izantor
non-finite forms		active			passive
		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		-izāre	-izāvisse	-izātūrum esse	-izārī, -izārier2	-izātum esse	-izātum īrī
participles		-izāns	—	-izātūrus	—	-izātus	-izandus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		-izandī	-izandō	-izandum	-izandō	-izātum	-izātū

¹At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.
²The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.

Derived terms

Latin terms suffixed with -izo

Descendants

• Balkan Romance:
  • Aromanian: -edzu, -eadzã
  • Romanian: -ez, -ează
• Italo-Romance:
  • Corsican: -eghj-
  • Italian: -eggiare
  • Neapolitan: -iare
  • Sicilian: -ijari
• Gallo-Romance:
  • Catalan: -ejar
  • Franco-Provençal: -eyér
  • Old French: -oiier
    • Middle French: -oyer
      • French: -oyer
  • Occitan: -ejar
• Ibero-Romance:
  • Asturian: -iar
  • Galician: -ear, -exar
  • Portuguese: -ear, -ejar
  • Spanish: -ear

Borrowings:

• → Catalan: -itzar
• → Italian: -izzare
• → Hungarian: -izál
• → Middle French: -iser
  • French: -iser
  • → Dutch: -iseren
  • → English: -ize, -ise
  • → German: -isieren
    • → Russian: -изи́ровать (-izírovatʹ)
  • → Romansch: -iza
• → Occitan: -izar
• → Portuguese: -izar
• → Romanian: -iza
• → Sicilian: -izzari
• → Spanish: -izar

References

• Meul, Claire. 2013. The fate of the -ID(I)- morpheme in the Central Dolomitic Ladin varieties of northern Italy: Variable conditioning of a morphological mechanism. In Cruschina, Silvio & Maiden, Martin & Smith, John Charles (eds.), The boundaries of pure morphology: Diachronic and synchronic perspectives, 68–95. Oxford University Press.

Spanish

Etymology

Inherited from Latin -īcius. Compare Portuguese -iço, Catalan -ís.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Spain) /ˈiθo/ [ˈi.θo]
• IPA^(key): (Latin America, Philippines) /ˈiso/ [ˈi.so]
• Rhymes: -iθo
• Rhymes: -iso
• Syllabification: -i‧zo

Suffix

-izo (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -iza, masculine plural -izos, feminine plural -izas)

1. forms adjectives from other adjectives, nouns, and verbs usually denoting propensity or likeness

   ‎enfermo (“sick”) + ‎-izo → ‎enfermizo (“sickly”)

   ‎rojo (“red”) + ‎-izo → ‎rojizo (“reddish”)

   ‎cobre (“copper”) + ‎-izo → ‎cobrizo (“copper (colored)”)

Derived terms

Spanish terms suffixed with -izo

Further reading

• “-izo”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10