-je

See also: Appendix:Variations of "je"

Dutch

Alternative forms

• -ie (informal)

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

Suffix

-je n (plural -jes)

1. Alternative form of -tje

Hungarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [jɛ]
• Rhymes: -jɛ

Suffix

-je

2. Possessive (and genitive) suffix: [from 1055]
   1. (with no possessor or with the 3rd‑person pronoun as possessor, usually construed with the definite article) his, her, its …

      ház → (a) háza, az ő háza (“his/her/its house”) élet → (az) élete, az ő élete (“his/her/its life”) barát → (a) barátja (“his/her/its friend”) kapu → (a) kapuja (“his/her/its gate”) palota → (a) palotája (“his/her/its palace”) kert → (a) kertje (“his/her/its garden”) betű → (a) betűje (“his/her/its letter”) vese → (a) veséje (“his/her/its kidney”)

   2. (with a singular possessor) …-'s, of … (third-person singular, single possession)

      Anna háza (“Anna’s house”), a felkelő nap háza (“the house of the rising sun”) Anna élete (“Anna’s life”), a város élete (“the life of the city”) a király palotája (“the king’s palace”) a ház kapuja (“the gate of the house”) Anna kertje (“Anna’s garden”), a tulipán kertje (“the garden of the tulip”)

   3. (with a plural possessor) …-s’, of …-s (third-person plural, single possession)

      a szüleim háza (“my parents’ house”), a trópusi növények háza (“[the] house of [the] tropical plants”, literally “the tropical plants’ house”) a szüleim élete (“my parents’ lives”, literally “my parents’ life”), a könyvek élete (“[the] lives of [the] books”, literally “the books’ life”) az uralkodók palotája (“the rulers’ palace”) a szüleim kertje (“my parents’ garden”), Az elágazó ösvények kertje (“The Garden of Forking Paths”)

   4. (with instantaneous time expressions) … ago (referring to a preceding point in time considered as an instant)

      Egy évszázada / két éve / egy órája / sok/hosszú ideje ment el. ― S/he left one century / two years / one hour / a long time ago.

      Synonym: -val/-vel ezelőtt, e.g. egy évszázaddal, két évvel ezelőtt

   5. (with durative time expressions) for … (referring to some duration that precedes the point of time in question)

      Egy évszázada / két éve / egy órája / sok/hosszú ideje várunk rád. ― We have been waiting for you for a century / two years / an hour / a long time.

      Synonym: óta (less common in this sense; more commonly means “since”)

   6. (mostly with quantities, often following -ik) of …, out of … (partitive sense)

      Synonym: (only with countable quantities) közül

      jó (jav-) (“the greater/better part”) → a java még hátravan (“the best/bulk is yet to come”, literally “its best/bulk is…”)

      legnagyobbik (“the biggest one”) → a bikák legnagyobbika (“the biggest [one] of the bulls”, synonymous with a legnagyobb bika)

Usage notes

• (possessive suffix) Variants:

  -a is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -e is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -ja is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-; final -o changes to -ó-.

  -je is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -e changes to -é-; final -ö changes to -ő-.

  • This suffix (in all forms) is normally used for the third-person singular possessive (single possession) but, after an explicit plural possessor, it also expresses the third-person plural possessive (single possession), e.g. “the children’s ball” (a gyerekek labdája). If the possessor is implicit (not named, only marked by a suffix), the plural possessive suffix must be used, e.g. “their ball” (a labdájuk, see -juk and its variants).

Declension

Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, front unrounded harmony)
	singular	plural
nominative	-je	—
accusative	-jét	—
dative	-jének	—
instrumental	-jével	—
causal-final	-jéért	—
translative	-jévé	—
terminative	-jéig	—
essive-formal	-jeként	—
essive-modal	-jéül	—
inessive	-jében	—
superessive	-jén	—
adessive	-jénél	—
illative	-jébe	—
sublative	-jére	—
allative	-jéhez	—
elative	-jéből	—
delative	-jéről	—
ablative	-jétől	—
non-attributive possessive - singular	-jéé	—
non-attributive possessive - plural	-jééi	—

Suffix

-je

2. (personal suffix) Used to form the definite third-person singular present tense of front-vowel verbs (in subjunctive mood).

Usage notes

• (personal suffix) See harmonic variants and the assimilation of j in the table below.

    Subjunctive/imperative definite – personal endings

Person		Back    vowel	Front    vowel
én	1st person singular	-jam	-jem
te	2nd person singular	-d
	long form	-jad	-jed
ő maga / ön	3rd person singular	-ja	-je
mi	1st person plural	-juk	-jük
ti	2nd person plural	-játok	-jétek
ők maguk / önök	3rd person plural	-ják	-jék
See also: present-tense indefinite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing.
Verb ending	Assimilation rules of -j
s sz z dz	The -j assimilates to the verb ending:   keres →‎ keress   metsz →‎ metssz   hoz →‎ hozz   edz →‎ eddz (No change in the short -d form of 2nd-person singular definite: keresd, metszd, hozd, edzd.)
st szt	The -t is removed, the -j assimilates to the -s, -sz:   fest →‎ fess   fáraszt →‎ fárassz Short -d forms: fesd, fáraszd.
long vowel + t or consonant + t	The -j becomes -s:   segít →‎ segíts   bont →‎ bonts Exceptions: bocsát → bocsáss, lát → láss Short -d forms: segítsd, bontsd; lásd, bocsásd.
short vowel + t	Both the stem-final -t and the -j become -s:   mutat → mutass, szeret → szeress Short -d forms: mutasd, szeresd.

See also

• Category:Hungarian noun forms
• Appendix:Hungarian possessive suffixes

Kayapó

Etymology

From Proto-Northern Jê *de (“ergative, stimulus”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [-jɛ]

Suffix

-je

1. out of (stimulus)

Derived terms

• kurêje
• pymaje, umaje
• kraxje

Lower Sorbian

Suffix

-je

1. -ly (used to turn an adjective into an adverb of manner)

Usage notes

The j of this suffix merges with certain preceding consonants to create palatalized consonants not followed by j:

• d + j → ź
• zd + j → zdź
• g + j → z
• k + j → c
• ch + j → š
• ł + j → l
• t + j → ś
• st + j → sć

Synonyms

• -o

Derived terms

Lower Sorbian terms suffixed with -je

Saterland Frisian

Etymology

From Old Frisian -ia, from Proto-West Germanic *-ōn. Cognates include West Frisian -e and German -en.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-jə/

Suffix

-je (type 1 form -e)

1. Used to form verbs from nouns and adjectives.

Conjugation

For verbs ending in -n, -l and -r:

Conjugation of -je (weak type 2)

Grúundfoarme			-je
Infinitive			tou -jen
Present tense				Past tense
iek	-je	wie	-je	iek	-de	wie	-den
du	-st	jie	-je	du	-dest	jie	-den
hie/ju/dät	-t	jo	-je	hie/ju/dät	-de	jo	-den
Present participle		Imperative		Auxiliary		Past participle
-jend		Singular	-	häbe		-d
		Plural	-jet

For verbs ending in other consonants:

Conjugation of -je (weak type 2)

Grúundfoarme			-je
Infinitive			tou -jen
Present tense				Past tense
iek	-je	wie	-je	iek	-ede	wie	-eden
du	-est	jie	-je	du	-edest	jie	-eden
hie/ju/dät	-et	jo	-je	hie/ju/dät	-ede	jo	-eden
Present participle		Imperative		Auxiliary		Past participle
-jend		Singular	-	häbe		-ed
		Plural	-jet

Derived terms

Saterland Frisian terms suffixed with -e

References

• Horst Haider Munske, editor (2001), “Das Saterfriesische”, in Handbuch des Friesischen [Handbook of Frisian studies], Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, →ISBN, page 414

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьje.

Suffix

-je (Cyrillic spelling -је)

1. Suffix appended to words to create a neuter noun, usually denoting a young animal, plant, place name or is used as a collective noun.

See also

• -e

West Frisian

Etymology

From Old Frisian -ia, from Proto-West Germanic *-ōn, from Proto-Germanic *-ōną, from various Proto-Indo-European suffixes.

Suffix

-je

2. Forms verbs from nouns and adjectives. The stem of the word itself does not change.

Inflection

Weak class 2
infinitive	-je
3rd singular past	-e
past participle	-e
infinitive	-je
long infinitive	-jen
gerund	-jen n
auxiliary	hawwe
indicative	present tense	past tense
1st singular	-je	-e
2nd singular	-est	-est
3rd singular	-et	-e
plural	-je	-en
imperative	-je
participles	-jend	-e

Derived terms

West Frisian terms suffixed with -je

Ye'kwana

Variant orthographies

ALIV	-je
Brazilian standard	-je
New Tribes	-je

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [-he]

Suffix

-je

1. serves as an attributivizer to convert nouns into adverbs that can serve as attributes of other nouns or adverbial complements to a clause
2. serves as an attributivizer to allow verbs nominalized with -tojo to function adverbially as a predicate in a subordinate clause of purpose with the meaning ‘in order to X’, ‘for X-ing’

   Synonym: -me

3. serves as an attributivizer to allow borrowed verbs to function adverbially as a predicate when subordinated to ö'dü (for intransitive use) or üdü (for transitive use)

Usage notes

Unlike -me, with which it is sometimes interchangeable, this suffix does not usually cause syllable reduction, though it occasionally does when following the plural marker -komo. Phonologically it is a clitic rather than a suffix.

Derived terms

Ye'kwana terms suffixed with -je

References

• Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “⸗je”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎^[1], Lyon, pages 81–82, 136–137, 145–146, 254–255, 441