-kö

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ko"

Finnish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-kø/, [-k̟ø̞]

Particle

-kö (enclitic particle)

1. front vowel harmonic form of -ko

Ingrian

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-kø/, [-kø̞]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-kø/, [-kø̞]

Particle

-kö

1. Front-vowel variant of -ko

Ye'kwana

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [-kə]

Etymology 1

Suffix

-kö

1. Forms the imperative mood.

Usage notes

This suffix can cause syllable reduction.

Verbs with this suffix display three different sets of person markers depending on their transitivity:

• Transitive verbs take the series II marker y- when the object/patient is third-person, but the series I marker k- when the object/patient is first-person. In the former case they can take the plural marker -to after the suffix; in the latter, -tö before the suffix.
• Agentive intransitive verbs take no person markers. They can, however, take the plural marker -tö with a non-third-person object.
• Patientive intransitive verbs take the second-person marker ö- and can also take the plural marker -tö.

Each type of verb can also take a suffix -'de after the imperative suffix to form a delayed imperative.

Etymology 2

Suffix

-kö

1. Marks the distant past imperfective tense when both the agent and patient (if there is one) of the verb are third-person.

Usage notes

This suffix can cause syllable reduction. It never occurs alone but is always accompanied by at least the past imperfective marker -a preceding it.

Derived terms

• -akö
• -a'to

References

• Cáceres, Natalia (2011) Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎^[1], Lyon, pages 213–222, 228–231