Wiktionary

-ka

See also: ka- and Appendix:Variations of "ka"

Basque

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Suffix

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-ka

  1. Used to form adverbs from nouns.
    ‎tarte (“gap, interval”) + ‎-ka → ‎tarteka (“intermittently”)
    1. looking for
      ‎ote (“gorse, furze”) + ‎-ka → ‎oteka (“looking for gorse”)
    2. divided in, distributed in
      ‎talde (“group”) + ‎-ka → ‎taldeka (“in groups”)

Derived terms

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Basque terms suffixed with -ka

Curripaco

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Suffix

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-ka

  1. progressive tense marker
    nuiraka : I am drinking

References

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  • Swintha Danielsen, Tania Granadillo, Agreement in two Arawak languages, in The Typology of Semantic Alignment (edited by Mark Donohue, Søren Wichmann) (2008, →ISBN), page 398

Czech

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Etymology

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Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

Suffix

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-ka f (noun-forming suffix)

  1. appended to words to create a feminine version of a noun, especially a profession, origin, or proper name
    ‎lékař + ‎-ka → ‎lékařka

Suffix

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-ka f or m anim (noun-forming suffix)

  1. appended to words to create a diminutive form of a noun
    ‎vlna + ‎-ka → ‎vlnka

Derived terms

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Czech terms suffixed with -ka

Further reading

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  • -ka in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017

Finnish

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Etymology

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From Proto-Finnic *-ka, from Proto-Uralic *-ka. Originally probably an emphatic particle.

Particle

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-ka (front vowel harmony variant -kä, linguistic notation -kA) (enclitic particle)

  1. functionally a conjunction, suffixed to the negation verb to join two main clauses; and (not) (see eikä)
    ei → eikä
  2. (non-productive) Used for emphasis or for prosodic purposes
    saati → saatikka
  3. (non-productive) Extends monosyllabic stems to avoid words with only a single light syllable.
    jo- → joka, ku- → kuka, mi- → mikä

Usage notes

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  • This particle is no longer productive.
  • In some words the particle may appear as -kka; this is either due to the previous word incurring gemination, or from an earlier -hka (with a preceding -h-).

Derived terms

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Finnish terms suffixed with -ka

Hungarian

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Etymology

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From Proto-Finno-Ugric. Compare Finnish -kka.

Pronunciation

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Suffix

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-ka

  1. (diminutive suffix) Added to a word to express smallness, youth, unimportance, or endearment. When added to present participles, it can also express the instrument or place of the action indicated in the base word.
    ‎cukor (“sugar”) + ‎-ka → ‎cukorka (“candy”)
    ‎asztal (“table”) + ‎-ka → ‎asztalka (“small table”)
    jár (“to walk”) → járó (“walking”) → járóka (“playpen”)

Usage notes

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  • (diminutive suffix) Variants:
    -ka is added to back-vowel words
    -ke is added to front-vowel words

Derived terms

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Hungarian diminutive adjectives suffixed with -ka
Hungarian diminutive nouns suffixed with -ka
Hungarian proper nouns suffixed with -ka
Hungarian proper noun clippings suffixed with -ka

See also

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Ilocano

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Etymology

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From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka.

Pronunciation

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Pronoun

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-ka

  1. Second-person absolutive enclitic personal pronoun; you
    Napankan? ― Did you go already?
    Estudianteka. ― You are a student.
  2. Fused enclitic with first-person singular agent and second-person singular patient; fuses -ko (“I, my”) and -ka (“you”)
    Ay-ayatenka. ― I love you.
    Estudianteka. ― You are my student.

See also

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Ilocano personal pronouns
Person Number Absolutive Ergative Oblique Possessive
Disjunctive Enclitic Enclitic3 bági form kukua form
First singular siak -ak -ko, -k kaniak bagik kukuak, kuak
dual data, sita1 -ta kaniata, kadata bagita kukuata
plural inclusive datayo, sitayo1 -tayo, -tay kaniatayo, kadatayo bagitayo kukuatayo
plural exclusive dakami, sikami1 -kami, -kam -mi kaniami, kadakami bagimi kukuami
Second singular sika -ka -mo, -m kaniam, kenka bagim kukuam
plural dakayo, sikayo1 -kayo, -kay -yo kaniayo, kadakayo bagiyo kukuayo
Third singular isu, isuna Ø2 -na kaniana, kenkuana bagina kukuana
plural isuda -da kaniada, kadakuada bagida kukuada
1Regional variants.
2Null morpheme. There is no absolutive enclitic for the third person singular pronoun. The disjunctives isu or isuna may also be used.
3Ergative enclitics are also used as possessive markers.
Fused enclitics
Actor Patient
siak data datayo dakami sika dakayo isu5 isuda
siak bagik4 — — — -ka -kayo -ko, -k -ko ida, -k ida
data — bagita4 — — — — -ta -ta ida
datayo — — bagitayo4 — — — -tayo -tayo ida
dakami — — — bagimi4 -daka -dakayo -mi -mi ida
sika -nak — — -nakami bagim4 — -mo, -m -mo ida, -m ida
dakayo -dak -data — -dakami — bagiyo4 -yo -yo ida
isu -nak -nata -natayo -nakami -naka -nakayo bagina4, -na -na ida
isuda -dak -data -datayo -dakami -daka -dakayo -da bagida4, -da ida
4Reflexive pronouns use the bagí form.
5 isu or isuna may also be added after the enclitics in this column.

Ingrian

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Etymology 1

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From Proto-Finnic *-ka. Cognates include Finnish -ka.

Pronunciation

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Particle

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-ka (front-vowel variant -kä)

  1. Used to turn a clause interrogative.
  2. Used after negative verbs to join two verb clauses: neither, nor, and not
Usage notes
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  • In the interrogative function, when added to verbs, -ka is only used after the consonant -t. Otherwise, the reduced form -k or its alternative form -ko/-kö is used.
  • In the joining function, an alternative -k is (rarely) also used.

Suffix

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-ka (front vowel variant -kä)

  1. (unproductive) Used in some words to introduce an interrogative aspect.
    ‎Proto-Finnic *mi- + ‎-ka → ‎mikä
    ‎Proto-Finnic *ku- + ‎-ka → ‎kuka
  2. (unproductive) Used in some words to introduce a negative aspect.
Derived terms
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Ingrian terms suffixed with -ka

Etymology 2

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Akin to dialectal Finnish -kaa and Estonian -ga.

Pronunciation

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Suffix

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-ka (front vowel variant -kä)

  1. (chiefly Ala-Laukaa) Used to form the comitative case when added to a genitive of a noun.

References

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  • Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 118

Japanese

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Romanization

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-ka

  1. Rōmaji transcription of か

Kambera

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Pronoun

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-ka

  1. first person singular accusative enclitic

Particle

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-ka

  1. perfective aspect enclitic
    Na-mutung-ka.
    It burned down.

See also

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Kambera pronominal clitics
Nominative Genitive Accusative Dative
1sg ku- -nggu -ka -ngga
2sg mu- (u-) -mu -kau -nggau
3sg na- -na -ya -nya
1pl.incl ta- -nda -ta -nda
1pl.excl ma- -ma -kama -nggama
2pl mi- (i-) -mi -kami (-kai) -nggami (-nggai)
3pl da- -da -ha -nja

Lower Sorbian

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Etymology

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From Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

Suffix

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-ka f

  1. added to masculine nouns to form a feminine
  2. added to feminine nouns to form a diminutive

Derived terms

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Lower Sorbian terms suffixed with -ka

Old Polish

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Etymology

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Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

Pronunciation

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Suffix

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-ka f

  1. feminine noun suffix
    ‎ambroże + ‎-ka → ‎ambrożka

Derived terms

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Old Polish terms suffixed with -ka

Suffix

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-ka n

  1. inflection of -ko:
    1. genitive singular
    2. nominative/vocative plural

Pipil

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Suffix

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-ka

  1. Forms nouns from verbs or adjectives

Further reading

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  • Campbell, L. (1985). The Pipil Language of El Salvador. Mouton De Gruyter. p.48

Polish

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Etymology

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Inherited from Old Polish -ka, from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ka/
  • Audio:(file)
  • Rhymes: -a
  • Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]

Suffix

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-ka f

  1. feminine noun suffix
    Synonym: -na
    ‎Azjata + ‎-ka → ‎Azjatka
  2. diminutive noun suffix
    ‎część + ‎-ka → ‎cząstka

Declension

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Declension of -ka
singular plural
nominative -ka -ki
genitive -ki -ek
dative -ce -kom
accusative -kę -ki
instrumental -ką -kami
locative -ce -kach
vocative -ko -ki

Derived terms

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Polish terms suffixed with -ka

Suffix

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-ka n

  1. inflection of -ko:
    1. genitive singular
    2. nominative/vocative plural

Further reading

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  • -ka in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Serbo-Croatian

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Etymology

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Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

Suffix

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-ka (Cyrillic spelling -ка)

  1. Suffix appended to words to create a feminine noun, denoting a part, profession, feature, membership, origin, social status, complexion, proper name, abstract noun or animal's name.

See also

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Slovak

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Etymology

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Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

Pronunciation

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Suffix

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-ka

  1. denotes that the word is a feminine version of the word it is appended to
    Talian m (“Italian (man)”) + -ka = Talianka f (“Italian (woman)”)
  2. sometimes denotes a word as a diminutive
    mucha f (“fly”) + -ka = muška f (“small fly”)

Declension

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Declension of -ka
singular plural
nominative -ka -ky
genitive -ky -iek, -ok
dative -ke -kám, -kam
accusative -ku -ky
locative -ke -kách, -kach
instrumental -kou -kami

Derived terms

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Slovak terms suffixed with -ka

Slovincian

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Etymology

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Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

Pronunciation

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Suffix

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-ka f

  1. forms feminine nouns, sometimes diminutive in nature
    ‎bednorz + ‎-ka → ‎bednorka
    ‎jagôda + ‎-ka → ‎jagódka

Derived terms

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Slovincian terms suffixed with -ka

Somali

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Article

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-ka (feminine -ta)

  1. The masculine definite article; the

Usage notes

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  • This form is used after the consonants -b, -d, -f, -l, -n, -r, -s and -sh.
  • After words ending in -g, -aa, -i, -y and -w, the form -ga is used.

References

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  • Puglielli, Annarita, Mansuur, Cabdalla Cumar (2012) “ka”, in Qaamuuska Af-Soomaliga‎[1], Rome: RomaTrE-Press, →ISBN

Swahili

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Suffix

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-ka

  1. Alternative form of -ika used in some verbs ending in -ia, in all verbs ending in -e, in conversive verbs ending in -oa, or -ua, in all words ending in -i, and in nouns and adjectives ending in -u
    ‎-sikia (“to hear”) + ‎-ka → ‎-sikika (“to audible”)
    ‎-fungua (“to open”) + ‎-ka → ‎-funguka (“to be opened”)
    ‎shughuli (“occupation, trade”) + ‎-ka → ‎-shughulika (“to be busy”)

Derived terms

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Upper Sorbian

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Etymology

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Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.

Suffix

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-ka

  1. added to masculine nouns to form a feminine
  2. added to feminine nouns to form a diminutive

Derived terms

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Upper Sorbian terms suffixed with -ka

Votic

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Etymology

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From kaaz, kaa. Compare Estonian -ga, Ingrian -ka.

Pronunciation

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Suffix

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-ka

  1. Forms the comitative case to mean "with" (accompanying, implement, etc.); added to the genitive forms.

Usage notes

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This suffix is not subject to vowel harmony.

Ye'kwana

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Variant orthographies
ALIV -ka
Brazilian standard -ka
New Tribes -ca

Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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Cognate to Kari'na ka (“to take away, to deprive of”, verb), Trió -ka (privative verbalizer).

Alternative forms

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Suffix

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-ka

  2. forms privative transitive verbs from nouns, with a meaning of ‘to deprive of X’, ‘to extract X from’, ‘to X away’: dis-, ex-
Usage notes
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This suffix exists in related languages but is rare in spontaneous speech and possibly non-productive in Ye'kwana. When it does occur, it can trigger syllable reduction and in some cases become -kkwa.

Derived terms
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Ye'kwana terms suffixed with -ka

Etymology 2

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From Proto-Cariban *-ka (suffix forming allative postpositions).

Suffix

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-ka

  2. forms allative or locative postpositions: to, at
Derived terms
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Ye'kwana terms suffixed with -ka (allative)

Etymology 3

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Suffix

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-ka

  1. allomorph of -a (nonpast or past imperfective suffix) used for stems with a reducing final syllable that begins with k

References

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  • Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “-ka”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎[2], Lyon, page 148
  • Douglas, Jordan A. G. (2019) A Formal and Semantic Reconstruction of Cariban Postpositions, page 34–36
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