-to

See also: Appendix:Variations of "to"

Afar

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-ˈto/ [-ˈtɔ]

Suffix

-tó

1. Form of -ytó used after nouns ending in consonants.

Declension

Declension of -tó
absolutive	-tó
predicative	-tó
subjective	-tó
genitive	-tó
Postpositioned forms l-case -tól k-case -tók t-case -tót h-case -tóh

References

• E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN, page 228
• Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎^[1], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

Basque

Etymology 1

Unknown, probably attested in Aquitanian *nescato.

Suffix

-to

1. Diminutive suffix.
2. (rare, non-productive) Augmentative suffix.

Derived terms

Basque terms suffixed with -to

Etymology 2

Unknown.

Suffix

-to

1. (Biscayan) Forms adverbs from adjectives.

   Synonym: -ki

Derived terms

Basque terms suffixed with -to

Further reading

• “-to” in Labayru Hiztegia

Chuukese

Suffix

-to

1. here; used to modify verb direction

Ingrian

Etymology

Borrowed from Russian -то (-to).

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-to/, [-to̞]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-to/, [-to̞]

Particle

-to

1. Used to give contrastive emphasis to a preceding word.

   Miä veel en tohi viinaa ostaa, miul-to ono vaa viistoist vootta!

   I'm not allowed to buy alcohol yet, I am still fifteen years old, after all!

References

• Elena Markus (2022) “Diskursusepartiklid isuri keele Soikkola murdes”, in Keel ja kirjandus, page 86

Kalo Finnish Romani

Suffix

-to

1. Used to form ordinal numbers.

Usage notes

The first two ordinal numbers have irregular forms in addition to the regular forms, iekto and duito: vaaguno and vauro. The third and fourth are somewhat irregular: tritto and startto instead of the expected *triinto and *staarto.

Latin

Etymology 1

Likely originally denominatives in -ō formed from the past participle.

Suffix

-tō (present infinitive -tāre, perfect active -tāvī, supine -tātum); first conjugation

1. Forms frequentative verbs from existing verbs. In Latin, this means repeated or intense action. For examples, see here.

Usage notes

The suffix uses the past participle/supine stem as the base, see the usage notes at -tus for more. It is not used for first conjugation verbs, the variant -itō appears there instead.

Conjugation

   Conjugation of -tō (first conjugation)

indicative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	-tō	-tās	-tat	-tāmus	-tātis	-tant
	imperfect	-tābam	-tābās	-tābat	-tābāmus	-tābātis	-tābant
	future	-tābō	-tābis	-tābit	-tābimus	-tābitis	-tābunt
	perfect	-tāvī	-tāvistī	-tāvit	-tāvimus	-tāvistis	-tāvērunt, -tāvēre
	pluperfect	-tāveram	-tāverās	-tāverat	-tāverāmus	-tāverātis	-tāverant
	future perfect	-tāverō	-tāveris	-tāverit	-tāverimus	-tāveritis	-tāverint
	sigmatic future1	-tāssō	-tāssis	-tāssit	-tāssimus	-tāssitis	-tāssint
passive	present	-tor	-tāris, -tāre	-tātur	-tāmur	-tāminī	-tantur
	imperfect	-tābar	-tābāris, -tābāre	-tābātur	-tābāmur	-tābāminī	-tābantur
	future	-tābor	-tāberis, -tābere	-tābitur	-tābimur	-tābiminī	-tābuntur
	perfect	-tātus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	-tātus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	-tātus + future active indicative of sum
	sigmatic future1	-tāssor	-tāsseris	-tāssitur	—	—	—
subjunctive		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	-tem	-tēs	-tet	-tēmus	-tētis	-tent
imperfect	-tārem	-tārēs	-tāret	-tārēmus	-tārētis	-tārent
perfect	-tāverim	-tāverīs	-tāverit	-tāverīmus	-tāverītis	-tāverint
pluperfect	-tāvissem	-tāvissēs	-tāvisset	-tāvissēmus	-tāvissētis	-tāvissent
sigmatic aorist1	-tāssim	-tāssīs	-tāssīt	-tāssīmus	-tāssītis	-tāssint
passive	present	-ter	-tēris, -tēre	-tētur	-tēmur	-tēminī	-tentur
imperfect	-tārer	-tārēris, -tārēre	-tārētur	-tārēmur	-tārēminī	-tārentur
perfect	-tātus + present active subjunctive of sum
pluperfect	-tātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	-tā	—	—	-tāte	—
	future	—	-tātō	-tātō	—	-tātōte	-tantō
passive	present	—	-tāre	—	—	-tāminī	—
	future	—	-tātor	-tātor	—	—	-tantor
non-finite forms		active			passive
		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		-tāre	-tāvisse	-tātūrum esse	-tārī, -tārier2	-tātum esse	-tātum īrī
participles		-tāns	—	-tātūrus	—	-tātus	-tandus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		-tandī	-tandō	-tandum	-tandō	-tātum	-tātū

¹At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.
²The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.

Derived terms

• -itō
• -titō

Latin terms suffixed with -to

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Suffix

-tō

1. masculine/neuter dative/ablative singular of -tus

Taos

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /tɑ/

Postposition

-to

1. in, within, on, at

Related terms

• hìwkwíalto
• pǫ̂to
• wę̀puopʼôto

Ye'kwana

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

• -cho (allomorph after i)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [-to]

Suffix

-to

1. Forms the plural of nonpast tenses.
2. Forms the plural of the recent past tense. (When used alone, forms the plural of the recent past perfective tense when the arguments of the verb are first- or second-person.)
3. Forms the plural of the distant past tense when at least one of the arguments of the verb is third-person.

Usage notes

This suffix can cause syllable reduction.

Derived terms

• -akento
• -anto
• -ato
• -a'to
• -icho
• -neto

 

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [-to]

Suffix

-to

1. Allomorph of -ato (adverb/postposition nominalizing suffix) used after all vowels but e and i.

References

• Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “⸗to”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎^[2], Lyon, pages 124, 213–222