-us

See also: Appendix:Variations of "us"

Translingual

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin -us.

Suffix

-us m

1. (taxonomy) Used to form taxonomic names.

Derived terms

Translingual terms suffixed with -us

Esperanto

Etymology

The Esperanto suffixes -as, -is, -os, and -us are related and appear to have been inspired by previous language projects:

This play of vowels is not an original idea of Zamenhof's: -as, -is, -os are found for the three tenses of the infinitive in Faiguet's system of 1765; -a, -i, -o without a consonant are used like Z's -as, -is, -os by Rudelle (1858); Courtonne in 1885 had -am, -im, -om in the same values, and the similarity with Esperanto is here even more perfect than in the other projects, as -um corresponds to Z's -us. —An International Language (1928)

In addition, the u of -us is likely to be related to -u.

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

Suffix

-us

1. Ending of the conditional in verbs.

Estonian

Etymology

A merger of Proto-Finnic *-us (in the first sense) and Proto-Finnic *-uc (in the second sense). Cognate with Finnish -us.

Suffix

-us (genitive -use, partitive -ust)

1. Derives nouns from verbs.

   armastama "to love" → armastus "love"

   võistlema "to compete" → võistlus "competition"

   joonistama "to draw" → joonistus "a drawing"

2. Derives nouns from adjectives.

   aus "honest" → ausus "honesty"

   pikk "long" → pikkus "length"

Declension

Declension of -us (ÕS type 11/harjutus, no gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		-us	-used
accusative	nom.
	gen.	-use
genitive			-uste
partitive		-ust	-usi
illative		-usse -usesse	-ustesse -usisse
inessive		-uses	-ustes -usis
elative		-usest	-ustest -usist
allative		-usele	-ustele -usile
adessive		-usel	-ustel -usil
ablative		-uselt	-ustelt -usilt
translative		-useks	-usteks -usiks
terminative		-useni	-usteni
essive		-usena	-ustena
abessive		-useta	-usteta
comitative		-usega	-ustega

Declension of -us (ÕS type 9/katus, no gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		-us	-used
accusative	nom.
	gen.	-use
genitive			-uste
partitive		-ust	-useid
illative		-usesse	-ustesse -useisse
inessive		-uses	-ustes -useis
elative		-usest	-ustest -useist
allative		-usele	-ustele -useile
adessive		-usel	-ustel -useil
ablative		-uselt	-ustelt -useilt
translative		-useks	-usteks -useiks
terminative		-useni	-usteni
essive		-usena	-ustena
abessive		-useta	-usteta
comitative		-usega	-ustega

Derived terms

Estonian terms suffixed with -us

Finnish

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-us, generalized from -s-derivatives of u-stem verbs (e.g. ihastua → ihastus, menestyä → menestys). Compare -os.

Suffix

-us (front vowel harmony variant -ys, linguistic notation -Us)

1. Forms nouns from verbs, describing an action or event.

   ‎kuvata (“to describe”) + ‎-us → ‎kuvaus (“description”)

   ‎pakata (“to pack”) + ‎-us → ‎pakkaus (“package”)

   ‎ylentää (“to promote”) + ‎-us → ‎ylennys (“promotion”)

   ‎hälyttää (“to alarm”) + ‎-us → ‎hälytys (“alarm”)

Usage notes

• With -ahtaa (momentane) verbs, the final -ht- may disappear entirely (through *-AhdUs > *-AhUs (regular loss in e.g. eastern dialects) > *-AUs). This has led to -AUs (-aus/-äys) becoming its own pseudo-suffix. Often both variants, one with -AhdUs and one with -AUs, exist in parallel.

Declension

Inflection of -us (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation)
nominative		-us	-ukset
genitive		-uksen	-usten -uksien
partitive		-usta	-uksia
illative		-ukseen	-uksiin
		singular	plural
nominative		-us	-ukset
accusative	nom.	-us	-ukset
	gen.	-uksen
genitive		-uksen	-usten -uksien
partitive		-usta	-uksia
inessive		-uksessa	-uksissa
elative		-uksesta	-uksista
illative		-ukseen	-uksiin
adessive		-uksella	-uksilla
ablative		-ukselta	-uksilta
allative		-ukselle	-uksille
essive		-uksena	-uksina
translative		-ukseksi	-uksiksi
abessive		-uksetta	-uksitta
instructive		—	-uksin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of -us (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -ukseni -ukseni accusative nom. -ukseni -ukseni gen. -ukseni genitive -ukseni -usteni -uksieni partitive -ustani -uksiani inessive -uksessani -uksissani elative -uksestani -uksistani illative -ukseeni -uksiini adessive -uksellani -uksillani ablative -ukseltani -uksiltani allative -ukselleni -uksilleni essive -uksenani -uksinani translative -uksekseni -uksikseni abessive -uksettani -uksittani instructive — — comitative — -uksineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -uksesi -uksesi accusative nom. -uksesi -uksesi gen. -uksesi genitive -uksesi -ustesi -uksiesi partitive -ustasi -uksiasi inessive -uksessasi -uksissasi elative -uksestasi -uksistasi illative -ukseesi -uksiisi adessive -uksellasi -uksillasi ablative -ukseltasi -uksiltasi allative -uksellesi -uksillesi essive -uksenasi -uksinasi translative -ukseksesi -uksiksesi abessive -uksettasi -uksittasi instructive — — comitative — -uksinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -uksemme -uksemme accusative nom. -uksemme -uksemme gen. -uksemme genitive -uksemme -ustemme -uksiemme partitive -ustamme -uksiamme inessive -uksessamme -uksissamme elative -uksestamme -uksistamme illative -ukseemme -uksiimme adessive -uksellamme -uksillamme ablative -ukseltamme -uksiltamme allative -uksellemme -uksillemme essive -uksenamme -uksinamme translative -ukseksemme -uksiksemme abessive -uksettamme -uksittamme instructive — — comitative — -uksinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -uksenne -uksenne accusative nom. -uksenne -uksenne gen. -uksenne genitive -uksenne -ustenne -uksienne partitive -ustanne -uksianne inessive -uksessanne -uksissanne elative -uksestanne -uksistanne illative -ukseenne -uksiinne adessive -uksellanne -uksillanne ablative -ukseltanne -uksiltanne allative -uksellenne -uksillenne essive -uksenanne -uksinanne translative -ukseksenne -uksiksenne abessive -uksettanne -uksittanne instructive — — comitative — -uksinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative -uksensa -uksensa accusative nom. -uksensa -uksensa gen. -uksensa genitive -uksensa -ustensa -uksiensa partitive -ustaan -ustansa -uksiaan -uksiansa inessive -uksessaan -uksessansa -uksissaan -uksissansa elative -uksestaan -uksestansa -uksistaan -uksistansa illative -ukseensa -uksiinsa adessive -uksellaan -uksellansa -uksillaan -uksillansa ablative -ukseltaan -ukseltansa -uksiltaan -uksiltansa allative -ukselleen -uksellensa -uksilleen -uksillensa essive -uksenaan -uksenansa -uksinaan -uksinansa translative -uksekseen -ukseksensa -uksikseen -uksiksensa abessive -uksettaan -uksettansa -uksittaan -uksittansa instructive — — comitative — -uksineen -uksinensa

Alternative forms

• -tus (used with the verb types rohkaista (66) and valita (69))

Synonyms

• -mus (used with the verb types sallia (61), and in some cases, sanoa (52) and muistaa (53))

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -us (action or event)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Finnic *-us. Probably generalized from -s-derivatives of u-stem nominals (e.g. etu- → edus, palvelu → palvelus), or through the loss of a plain u-derivative from the standard language (e.g. keski- → dial. kesku- → keskus), and thus identical to -us (etymology 1). In some cases potentially by confusion with -uus, -us (etymology 3). Alternatively from Proto-Uralic *-wikse.

Suffix

-us (front vowel harmony variant -ys, linguistic notation -Us)

1. Forms nouns, indicating resemblance or association.

   ‎kanta (“base”) + ‎-us → ‎kannus (“spur”)

   ‎sormi (“finger”) + ‎-us → ‎sormus (“ring”)

   ‎vasta- (“counter-”) + ‎-us → ‎vastus (“resistance, opposition”)

   ‎kehä (“circle, ring”) + ‎-us → ‎kehys (“frame”)

   ‎syli (“bosom, lap”) + ‎-us → ‎sylys (“armful”)

   ‎typerä (“stupid”) + ‎-us → ‎typerys (“fool”)

Declension

Inflection of -us (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation)
nominative		-us	-ukset
genitive		-uksen	-usten -uksien
partitive		-usta	-uksia
illative		-ukseen	-uksiin
		singular	plural
nominative		-us	-ukset
accusative	nom.	-us	-ukset
	gen.	-uksen
genitive		-uksen	-usten -uksien
partitive		-usta	-uksia
inessive		-uksessa	-uksissa
elative		-uksesta	-uksista
illative		-ukseen	-uksiin
adessive		-uksella	-uksilla
ablative		-ukselta	-uksilta
allative		-ukselle	-uksille
essive		-uksena	-uksina
translative		-ukseksi	-uksiksi
abessive		-uksetta	-uksitta
instructive		—	-uksin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of -us (Kotus type 39/vastaus, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -ukseni -ukseni accusative nom. -ukseni -ukseni gen. -ukseni genitive -ukseni -usteni -uksieni partitive -ustani -uksiani inessive -uksessani -uksissani elative -uksestani -uksistani illative -ukseeni -uksiini adessive -uksellani -uksillani ablative -ukseltani -uksiltani allative -ukselleni -uksilleni essive -uksenani -uksinani translative -uksekseni -uksikseni abessive -uksettani -uksittani instructive — — comitative — -uksineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -uksesi -uksesi accusative nom. -uksesi -uksesi gen. -uksesi genitive -uksesi -ustesi -uksiesi partitive -ustasi -uksiasi inessive -uksessasi -uksissasi elative -uksestasi -uksistasi illative -ukseesi -uksiisi adessive -uksellasi -uksillasi ablative -ukseltasi -uksiltasi allative -uksellesi -uksillesi essive -uksenasi -uksinasi translative -ukseksesi -uksiksesi abessive -uksettasi -uksittasi instructive — — comitative — -uksinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -uksemme -uksemme accusative nom. -uksemme -uksemme gen. -uksemme genitive -uksemme -ustemme -uksiemme partitive -ustamme -uksiamme inessive -uksessamme -uksissamme elative -uksestamme -uksistamme illative -ukseemme -uksiimme adessive -uksellamme -uksillamme ablative -ukseltamme -uksiltamme allative -uksellemme -uksillemme essive -uksenamme -uksinamme translative -ukseksemme -uksiksemme abessive -uksettamme -uksittamme instructive — — comitative — -uksinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -uksenne -uksenne accusative nom. -uksenne -uksenne gen. -uksenne genitive -uksenne -ustenne -uksienne partitive -ustanne -uksianne inessive -uksessanne -uksissanne elative -uksestanne -uksistanne illative -ukseenne -uksiinne adessive -uksellanne -uksillanne ablative -ukseltanne -uksiltanne allative -uksellenne -uksillenne essive -uksenanne -uksinanne translative -ukseksenne -uksiksenne abessive -uksettanne -uksittanne instructive — — comitative — -uksinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative -uksensa -uksensa accusative nom. -uksensa -uksensa gen. -uksensa genitive -uksensa -ustensa -uksiensa partitive -ustaan -ustansa -uksiaan -uksiansa inessive -uksessaan -uksessansa -uksissaan -uksissansa elative -uksestaan -uksestansa -uksistaan -uksistansa illative -ukseensa -uksiinsa adessive -uksellaan -uksellansa -uksillaan -uksillansa ablative -ukseltaan -ukseltansa -uksiltaan -uksiltansa allative -ukselleen -uksellensa -uksilleen -uksillensa essive -uksenaan -uksenansa -uksinaan -uksinansa translative -uksekseen -ukseksensa -uksikseen -uksiksensa abessive -uksettaan -uksettansa -uksittaan -uksittansa instructive — — comitative — -uksineen -uksinensa

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -us (association)

• -tusten
• -ustaa

 

Etymology 3

See the etymology of -uus.

Suffix

-us (front vowel harmony variant -ys, linguistic notation -Us)

1. Short form of the suffix -uus, used where the stem of the root adjective ends in a vowel.

Declension

Inflection of -us (Kotus type 40*F/kalleus, t-d gradation)
nominative		-us	-udet
genitive		-uden	-uksien
partitive		-utta	-uksia
illative		-uteen	-uksiin
		singular	plural
nominative		-us	-udet
accusative	nom.	-us	-udet
	gen.	-uden
genitive		-uden	-uksien
partitive		-utta	-uksia
inessive		-udessa	-uksissa
elative		-udesta	-uksista
illative		-uteen	-uksiin
adessive		-udella	-uksilla
ablative		-udelta	-uksilta
allative		-udelle	-uksille
essive		-utena	-uksina
translative		-udeksi	-uksiksi
abessive		-udetta	-uksitta
instructive		—	-uksin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of -us (Kotus type 40*F/kalleus, t-d gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -uteni -uteni accusative nom. -uteni -uteni gen. -uteni genitive -uteni -uksieni partitive -uttani -uksiani inessive -udessani -uksissani elative -udestani -uksistani illative -uteeni -uksiini adessive -udellani -uksillani ablative -udeltani -uksiltani allative -udelleni -uksilleni essive -utenani -uksinani translative -udekseni -uksikseni abessive -udettani -uksittani instructive — — comitative — -uksineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -utesi -utesi accusative nom. -utesi -utesi gen. -utesi genitive -utesi -uksiesi partitive -uttasi -uksiasi inessive -udessasi -uksissasi elative -udestasi -uksistasi illative -uteesi -uksiisi adessive -udellasi -uksillasi ablative -udeltasi -uksiltasi allative -udellesi -uksillesi essive -utenasi -uksinasi translative -udeksesi -uksiksesi abessive -udettasi -uksittasi instructive — — comitative — -uksinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -utemme -utemme accusative nom. -utemme -utemme gen. -utemme genitive -utemme -uksiemme partitive -uttamme -uksiamme inessive -udessamme -uksissamme elative -udestamme -uksistamme illative -uteemme -uksiimme adessive -udellamme -uksillamme ablative -udeltamme -uksiltamme allative -udellemme -uksillemme essive -utenamme -uksinamme translative -udeksemme -uksiksemme abessive -udettamme -uksittamme instructive — — comitative — -uksinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -utenne -utenne accusative nom. -utenne -utenne gen. -utenne genitive -utenne -uksienne partitive -uttanne -uksianne inessive -udessanne -uksissanne elative -udestanne -uksistanne illative -uteenne -uksiinne adessive -udellanne -uksillanne ablative -udeltanne -uksiltanne allative -udellenne -uksillenne essive -utenanne -uksinanne translative -udeksenne -uksiksenne abessive -udettanne -uksittanne instructive — — comitative — -uksinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative -utensa -utensa accusative nom. -utensa -utensa gen. -utensa genitive -utensa -uksiensa partitive -uttaan -uttansa -uksiaan -uksiansa inessive -udessaan -udessansa -uksissaan -uksissansa elative -udestaan -udestansa -uksistaan -uksistansa illative -uteensa -uksiinsa adessive -udellaan -udellansa -uksillaan -uksillansa ablative -udeltaan -udeltansa -uksiltaan -uksiltansa allative -udelleen -udellensa -uksilleen -uksillensa essive -utenaan -utenansa -uksinaan -uksinansa translative -udekseen -udeksensa -uksikseen -uksiksensa abessive -udettaan -udettansa -uksittaan -uksittansa instructive — — comitative — -uksineen -uksinensa

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -us (quality)

Anagrams

• su

Hungarian

Etymology

From -u (diminutive suffix) +‎ -s (diminutive suffix).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [uʃ]

Suffix

-us

1. (diminutive suffix) Added to a proper noun or other nouns to create a diminutive noun.

   Teréz (“Theresa”) → Terus (“Tess”)

   apa (“father”) → apus (“dad”)

   cica (“cat”) → cicus (“kitty”)

   kutya (“dog”) → kutyus (“pooch, puppy”)

2. A distinguishable foreign word ending in nouns. It cannot be considered as an independent Hungarian suffix.

   agronómus (“agronomist”)

Usage notes

• (diminutive suffix): It creates diminutive or affectionate forms, most of the time of people’s given names, but also of common nouns, usually from ones ending in -a. Other examples: Anna → Annus, Magda → Magdus, Gyula → Gyulus. The -ka diminutive suffix can also be appended after -us to further increase the degree of endearment: apuska, cicuska, kutyuska, Annuska, Magduska.

Derived terms

Hungarian diminutive nouns suffixed with -us

Hungarian nouns suffixed with -us (Latinate)

Hungarian proper noun clippings suffixed with -us

See also

• -is
• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes

References

• Attila Mártonfi: The System of the Hungarian Suffixes, Theses of PhD Dissertation, Budapest, 2006

Ingrian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *-us. Cognates include Finnish -us.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-us/, [-uz̠]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-us/, [-uʒ̥]

Suffix

-us (front vowel variant -ys)

1. Forms nouns denoting resemblance.

   ‎pääl (“above”) + ‎-us → ‎päälys (“surface”)

Declension

Declension of -us (type 2/petos, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	-us	-ukset
genitive	-uksen	-uksiin
partitive	-usta, -ust	-uksia
illative	-uksee	-uksii
inessive	-uksees	-uksiis
elative	-uksest	-uksist
allative	-ukselle	-uksille
adessive	-ukseel	-uksiil
ablative	-ukselt	-uksilt
translative	-ukseks	-uksiks
essive	-uksenna, -ukseen	-uksinna, -uksiin
exessive1)	-uksent	-uksint
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Derived terms

Ingrian terms suffixed with -us

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-us/, [-uz̠]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-us/, [-uʒ̥]

Suffix

-us (front vowel variant -ys)

1. Alternative form of -uus

Declension

Declension of -us (type 2/oikehus, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	-us	-uet
genitive	-uen	-uksiin
partitive	-utta	-uksia
illative	-uee	-uksii
inessive	-uees	-uksiis
elative	-uest	-uksist
allative	-uelle	-uksille
adessive	-ueel	-uksiil
ablative	-uelt	-uksilt
translative	-ueks	-uksiks
essive	-uenna, -ueen	-uksinna, -uksiin
exessive1)	-uent	-uksint
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Derived terms

Ingrian terms suffixed with -uus

References

• V. I. Junus (1936) Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka‎^[2], Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 57

Latin

Etymology 1

From Old Latin -os, from Proto-Italic *-os, from Proto-Indo-European *-os (adjectival ending). Cognate with Ancient Greek -ος (-os), Proto-Germanic *-az, Icelandic -ur, Sanskrit -अः (-aḥ), Proto-Slavic *-ъ.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /us/, [ʊs̠]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /us/, [us]

Suffix

-us

1. suffix of nouns in the second declension.
   1. (chiefly) nominative singular of -us
   2. (not productive) nominative/accusative/vocative singular of -us for second-declension neuter nouns.

      vīrus (“a poisonous or acrid secretion”); vulgus (“common people”); pelagus (“sea”)

2. suffix of adjectives in the first/second declension.
   1. (chiefly) nominative singular of -us
3. (New Latin) suffix used to Latinize names ending in consonants.

Declension

Second-declension noun forms

Second-declension noun, with locative.

	singular	plural
nominative	-us	-ī
genitive	-ī	-ōrum
dative	-ō	-īs
accusative	-um	-ōs
ablative	-ō	-īs
vocative	-e	-ī
locative	-ī	-īs

Second-declension noun (neuter, nominative/accusative/vocative plural in -a).

	singular	plural
nominative	-us	-a
genitive	-ī	-ōrum
dative	-ō	-īs
accusative	-us	-a
ablative	-ō	-īs
vocative	-us	-a

Note: The plural exists for New Latin vīrus.

Adjective forms

First/second-declension adjective, with locative.

	singular				plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter		masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	-us	-a	-um		-ī	-ae	-a
genitive	-ī	-ae	-ī		-ōrum	-ārum	-ōrum
dative	-ō	-ae	-ō		-īs
accusative	-um	-am	-um		-ōs	-ās	-a
ablative	-ō	-ā	-ō		-īs
vocative	-e	-a	-um		-ī	-ae	-a
locative	-ī	-ae	-ī		-īs

Derived terms

Latin terms suffixed with -us

Etymology 2

Generally from Proto-Indo-European *-os (suffix forming neuter s-stem nouns from verbs), as in genus n from *ǵénh₁os n (“race”). Not a productive derivational suffix in Latin. The plural and oblique case forms have -r- as the result of the sound change of rhotacism. Additionally, in many words, the oblique stem has the vowel -ĕ- (as in generis), which is generally taken to be the phonetically regular development of the Proto-Indo-European forms. Some words, such as as decus, decoris, instead have -ŏ- in the oblique stem; this is the result of analogical introduction of the rounded vowel from the nominative/accusative singular form.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /us/, [ʊs̠]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /us/, [us]

Suffix

-us

1. ending of some neuter nouns in the third declension.
   1. nominative/accusative/vocative singular of -us

Declension

Third-declension noun forms

Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).

	singular	plural
nominative	-us	-ora
genitive	-oris	-orum
dative	-orī	-oribus
accusative	-us	-ora
ablative	-ore	-oribus
vocative	-us	-ora

Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).

	singular	plural
nominative	-us	-era
genitive	-eris	-erum
dative	-erī	-eribus
accusative	-us	-era
ablative	-ere	-eribus
vocative	-us	-era

From the noun tempus, the locative forms temperī and temporī were used adverbially, as well as the ablative tempore.

Descendants

From the plural -ora:

• Romanian: -uri (final vowel replaced due to analogy with feminine plural forms)
• Sicilian: -ura, -ira, -ara

Etymology 3

Not a single suffix, but an ending of various miscellaneous origins. In most words, from Old Latin -us, from Proto-Italic *-us, from Proto-Indo-European *-us as the final part of Proto-Indo-European *-tus (suffix deriving action nouns from verb roots).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /us/, [ʊs̠]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /us/, [us]

Suffix

-us

1. nominative/vocative singular of -us for nouns in the fourth declension.

Declension

Fourth-declension noun forms

Fourth-declension noun.

	singular	plural
nominative	-us	-ūs
genitive	-ūs	-uum
dative	-uī	-ibus
accusative	-um	-ūs
ablative	-ū	-ibus
vocative	-us	-ūs

Fourth-declension noun (dative/ablative plural in -ubus).

	singular	plural
nominative	-us	-ūs
genitive	-ūs	-uum
dative	-uī	-ubus
accusative	-um	-ūs
ablative	-ū	-ubus
vocative	-us	-ūs

Suffix

-ūs

1. nominative/vocative plural of -us for fourth-declension nouns.
2. genitive singular of -us for fourth-declension nouns.
3. accusative plural of -us for fourth-declension nouns.

See also

• -tus

References

• “-us” on page 2,108/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)

Lithuanian

Etymology 1

Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-ós (“adjectival ending”). Pairs such as lañkas (“bend”) : lankùs (“flexible”) find parallels in Sanskrit रुधिर (rúdhira-, “blood”) : रुधिर (rudhirá-, “red”), Ancient Greek δόλιχος (dólikhos, “a long run”) : δολιχός (dolikhós, “long”) and suggest that oxytone stress was used to mark adjectives in Proto-Indo-European. In Proto-Balto-Slavic, the raising of *o to *u must have been conditioned by stress, with the ending *-os giving Lithuanian -ùs under stress and -as otherwise.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʊs/

Suffix

-ùs m stress pattern 4

1. Adjectival suffix, applied to verbal and nominal roots to denote a disposal or tendency towards something

   ardýti (“take apart”) → ardùs (“crumbly”)

   kalbėti (“talk”) → kalbùs (“talkative”)

Declension

Non-pronominal forms (neįvardžiuotinės formos) of -us

positive degree
neuter		-ù
	masculine			feminine
	singular	plural		singular	plural
nominative	-ùs	-ūs		-ì	-ios
genitive	-aũs	-ių̃		-iõs	-ių̃
dative	-iám	-íems		-iai	-ióms
accusative	-ų	-iùs		-ią	-iàs
instrumental	-iù	-iaĩs		-ià	-iomìs
locative	-iamè	-iuosè		-iojè	-iosè
vocative	-ùs	-ūs		-ì	-ios
comparative degree
neuter		-iaũ
	masculine			feminine
	singular	plural		singular	plural
nominative	-èsnis	-esnì		-èsnė	-èsnės
genitive	-èsnio	-esnių̃		-esnė̃s	-esnių̃
dative	-esniám	-esníems		-èsnei	-esnė̃ms
accusative	-èsnį	-esniùs		-èsnę	-esnès
instrumental	-esniù	-esniaĩs		-esnè	-esnėmìs
locative	-esniamè	-esniuosè		-èsnėje	-esnėsè
superlative degree
neuter		-iáusia
	masculine			feminine
	singular	plural		singular	plural
nominative	-iáusias	-iáusi		-iáusia	-iáusios
genitive	-iáusio	-iáusių		-iáusios	-iáusių
dative	-iáusiam	-iáusiems		-iáusiai	-iáusioms
accusative	-iáusią	-iáusius		-iáusią	-iáusias
instrumental	-iáusiu	-iáusiais		-iáusia	-iáusiomis
locative	-iáusiame	-iáusiuose		-iáusioje	-iáusiose

Pronominal forms (įvardžiuotinės formos) of -us

positive degree
	masculine			feminine
	singular	plural		singular	plural
nominative	-ùsis	-íeji		-ióji	-iosios
genitive	-iojo	-ių̃jų		-iõsios	-ių̃jų
dative	-iájam	-íesiems		-iajai	-iósioms
accusative	-ųjį	-iúosius		-iąją	-ią́sias
instrumental	-iúoju	-iaĩsiais		-ią́ja	-iõsiomis
locative	-iãjame	-iuõsiuose		-iõjoje	-iõsiose
vocative	-ùsis	-íeji		-ióji	-iosios
comparative degree
	masculine			feminine
	singular	plural		singular	plural
nominative	-esnỹsis	-esníeji		-esnióji	-èsniosios
genitive	-èsniojo	-esnių̃jų		-esniõsios	-esnių̃jų
dative	-esniájam	-esníesiems		-èsniajai	-esniósioms
accusative	-èsnįjį	-esniúosius		-èsniąją	-esnią́sias
instrumental	-esniúoju	-esniaĩsiais		-esnią́ja	-esniõsiomis
locative	-esniãjame	-esniuõsiuose		-esniõjoje	-esniõsiose
superlative degree
	masculine			feminine
	singular	plural		singular	plural
nominative	-iáusiasis	-iáusieji		-iáusioji	-iáusiosios
genitive	-iáusiojo	-iáusiųjų		-iáusiosios	-iáusiųjų
dative	-iáusiajam	-iáusiesiems		-iáusiajai	-iáusiosioms
accusative	-iáusiąjį	-iáusiuosius		-iáusiąją	-iáusiąsias
instrumental	-iáusiuoju	-iáusiaisiais		-iáusiąja	-iáusiosiomis
locative	-iáusiajame	-iáusiuosiuose		-iáusiojoje	-iáusiosiose

Derived terms

Lithuanian terms suffixed with -us

• -usis

Etymology 2

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-us, reflecting Proto-Indo-European u-stems.

Alternative forms

• -ius

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʊs/

Suffix

-us, -ùs m

1. Masculine nominal singular ending for u-stem nouns and adjectives.

   alùs (“beer”) (< Proto-Indo-European *h₂elu-)

   sūnùs (“son”) (< Proto-Indo-European *suHnús)

Declension

(noun):

Declension of -ùs

	singular (vienaskaita)	plural (daugiskaita)
nominative (vardininkas)	-ùs	-ūs
genitive (kilmininkas)	-aũs	-ų̃
dative (naudininkas)	-ui	-ùms
accusative (galininkas)	-ų	-ùs
instrumental (įnagininkas)	-umì	-umìs
locative (vietininkas)	-ujè	-uosè
vocative (šauksmininkas)	-aũ	-ūs

(adjective):

Non-pronominal forms (neįvardžiuotinės formos) of -us

positive degree
neuter		-u
	masculine			feminine
	singular	plural		singular	plural
nominative	-us	-ūs		-i	-ios
genitive	-aus	-ių		-ios	-ių
dative	-iam	-iems		-iai	-ioms
accusative	-ų	-ius		-ią	-ias
instrumental	-iu	-iais		-ia	-iomis
locative	-iame	-iuose		-ioje	-iose
vocative	-us	-ūs		-i	-ios
comparative degree
neuter		-iaũ
	masculine			feminine
	singular	plural		singular	plural
nominative	-èsnis	-esnì		-èsnė	-èsnės
genitive	-èsnio	-esnių̃		-esnė̃s	-esnių̃
dative	-esniám	-esníems		-èsnei	-esnė̃ms
accusative	-èsnį	-esniùs		-èsnę	-esnès
instrumental	-esniù	-esniaĩs		-esnè	-esnėmìs
locative	-esniamè	-esniuosè		-èsnėje	-esnėsè
superlative degree
neuter		-iáusia
	masculine			feminine
	singular	plural		singular	plural
nominative	-iáusias	-iáusi		-iáusia	-iáusios
genitive	-iáusio	-iáusių		-iáusios	-iáusių
dative	-iáusiam	-iáusiems		-iáusiai	-iáusioms
accusative	-iáusią	-iáusius		-iáusią	-iáusias
instrumental	-iáusiu	-iáusiais		-iáusia	-iáusiomis
locative	-iáusiame	-iáusiuose		-iáusioje	-iáusiose

Pronominal forms (įvardžiuotinės formos) of -us

positive degree
	masculine			feminine
	singular	plural		singular	plural
nominative	-ùsis	-íeji		-ióji	-iosios
genitive	-iojo	-ių̃jų		-iõsios	-ių̃jų
dative	-iájam	-íesiems		-iajai	-iósioms
accusative	-ųjį	-iúosius		-iąją	-ią́sias
instrumental	-iúoju	-iaĩsiais		-ią́ja	-iõsiomis
locative	-iãjame	-iuõsiuose		-iõjoje	-iõsiose
vocative	-ùsis	-íeji		-ióji	-iosios
comparative degree
	masculine			feminine
	singular	plural		singular	plural
nominative	-esnỹsis	-esníeji		-esnióji	-èsniosios
genitive	-èsniojo	-esnių̃jų		-esniõsios	-esnių̃jų
dative	-esniájam	-esníesiems		-èsniajai	-esniósioms
accusative	-èsnįjį	-esniúosius		-èsniąją	-esnią́sias
instrumental	-esniúoju	-esniaĩsiais		-esnią́ja	-esniõsiomis
locative	-esniãjame	-esniuõsiuose		-esniõjoje	-esniõsiose
superlative degree
	masculine			feminine
	singular	plural		singular	plural
nominative	-iáusiasis	-iáusieji		-iáusioji	-iáusiosios
genitive	-iáusiojo	-iáusiųjų		-iáusiosios	-iáusiųjų
dative	-iáusiajam	-iáusiesiems		-iáusiajai	-iáusiosioms
accusative	-iáusiąjį	-iáusiuosius		-iáusiąją	-iáusiąsias
instrumental	-iáusiuoju	-iáusiaisiais		-iáusiąja	-iáusiosiomis
locative	-iáusiajame	-iáusiuosiuose		-iáusiojoje	-iáusiosiose

Etymology 3

From an older *-uos (compare the pronominal ending -uosius). From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ons; compare Latvian -us, Old Prussian -ans, Proto-Slavic *-y. From Proto-Indo-European *-ons (“accusative plural ending”), also reflected in Ancient Greek -ους (-ous), Latin -ōs, Sanskrit -आन् (-ān) and Gothic -𐌰𐌽𐍃 (-ans).

Alternative forms

• -ius
• -uos, -iuos

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʊs/

Suffix

-us, -ùs

1. Used to form accusative plurals of masculine a- and u-stem nouns.
2. Used to form accusative plurals of masculine a-stem adjectives.

Derived terms

• -uosius

Etymology 4

From Proto-Indo-European *-wōs. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *-vъ. See also -usi.

Alternative forms

• -ius

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʊs/

Suffix

-us

1. Used to form the past adverbial (padalyvis) participle

   bū́ti (“to be”) → bùvo (“was”) → bùvus (“having been”)

   slė̃pti (“hide”) → past frequentative slė̃pdavo (“hid”) → slė̃pdavus (“having hidden”)

Related terms

• -ęs

Livvi

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-us. Cognates include Finnish -us and Estonian -us.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-us/

Suffix

-us (front vowel variant -ys)

1. Used to form action nouns from verbs; -ion

Derived terms

Livvi terms suffixed with -us

Middle English

Suffix

-us

1. Alternative form of -ous

Middle Welsh

Etymology

From Proto-Brythonic *-ʉs, from Latin -ōsus. Cognate with Cornish -us.

Suffix

-us

1. -ous, full of, prone to; used to form adjectives from nouns

Derived terms

Middle Welsh terms suffixed with -us

Descendants

• Welsh: -us

Northern Sami

Etymology

From Proto-Samic *-ōksë.

Suffix

-us

1. Forms nouns from verbs, indicating something that is to have the verb's action performed on it.

   ‎vuošˈšat (“to cook”) + ‎-us → ‎vuoššus (“something to be cooked”)

   ‎muitalit (“to tell”) + ‎-us → ‎muitalus (“something to be told; story”)

2. Forms nouns from verbs, indicating something that results from having the verb's action performed.

   ‎juohkit (“to divide”) + ‎-us → ‎juogus (“division, section”)

Usage notes

• This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable in the nominative singular and essive, and the strong grade in the other forms.

When attached to even-syllable stems, there is diphthong simplification in all forms except the nominative singular and essive.

Inflection

For even-syllable stems:

Odd, no gradation
Nominative	-us
Genitive	-usa
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-us	-usat
Accusative	-usa	-usiid
Genitive	-usa	-usiid
Illative	-usii	-usiidda
Locative	-usis	-usiin
Comitative	-usiin	-usiiguin
Essive	-usin
Possessive forms Singular Dual Plural 1st person -usan -useamẹ -useamẹt 2nd person -usat -useattẹ -useattẹt 3rd person -usis -useaskkạ -useasẹt

For odd-syllable stems:

Even a-stem, ss-s gradation
Nominative	-us
Genitive	-usa
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	-us	-usat
Accusative	-usa	-usaid
Genitive	-usa	-usaid
Illative	-ussii	-usaide
Locative	-usas	-usain
Comitative	-usain	-usaiguin
Essive	-ussan
Possessive forms Singular Dual Plural 1st person -ussan -ussame -ussamet 2nd person -ussat -ussade -ussadet 3rd person -ussas -ussaska -ussaset

Derived terms

Northern Sami terms suffixed with -us

Old French

Alternative forms

• -eus, -eux, -os, -ous

Etymology

From Latin -ōsus.

Suffix

-us

1. -ous, used for forming adjectives

Derived terms

Old French terms suffixed with -us

Descendants

• Middle French: -eux, -eulx
  • French: -eux, -ueux
    • → Danish: -øs
    • → Dutch: -eus
    • → German: -ös
    • → Norwegian: -øs
    • → Swedish: -ös
• Norman: -eux
• → Middle English: -ous, -os, -ose, -ouse, -ows, -owse, -us, -ws
  • English: -ous

Old Irish

Etymology 1

From Proto-Celtic *-es-tus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /us/

Suffix

-us

1. Alternative form of -as

Etymology 2

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

-us (suffixed pronoun)

1. her (object pronoun), it (in reference to a feminine noun)
2. them

Derived terms

Old Irish terms suffixed with -us

See also

Old Irish affixed pronouns

See Appendix:Old Irish affixed pronouns for details on how these forms are used.
Note that the so-called “infixed” pronouns are technically prefixes, but they are never the first prefix in a verbal complex.

Person	Infixed			Suffixed
	Class A	Class B	Class C
1 sing.	m-L	dom-L, dam-L		-um
2 sing.	t-L	dot-L, dat-L, dut-L, dit-L		-ut
3 sing. m.	a-N, e-N	d-N	id-N, did-N, d-N	-i, -it
3 sing. f.	s-(N)	da-		-us
3 sing. n.	a-L, e-L	d-L	id-L, did-L, d-L	-i, -it
1 pl.	n-	don-, dun-, dan-		-unn
2 pl.	b-	dob-, dub-, dab-		-uib
3 pl.	s-(N)	da-		-us
L means this form triggers lenition. N means this form triggers nasalization (eclipsis) (N) means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others.

Polish

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /us/
• Rhymes: -us
• Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]

Suffix

-us

1. derogatory suffix

   ‎sługa + ‎-us → ‎sługus

2. demonym suffix

   ‎Kraków + ‎-us → ‎krakus

Derived terms

Polish terms suffixed with -us

Further reading

• -us in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Welsh

Etymology

From Middle Welsh -us, from Proto-Brythonic *-ʉs, from Latin -ōsus. Cognate with Cornish -us, Breton -us and English -ous.

Pronunciation

• (North Wales) IPA^(key): /ɨ̞s/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /ɪs/

Suffix

-us

1. adjectival suffix often indicating a characteristic, propensity or abundance

   ‎blas (“taste”) + ‎-us → ‎blasus (“tasty”)

   ‎gwybod (“to know”) + ‎-us → ‎gwybodus (“knowledgeable”)

   ‎anffawd (“misfortune”) + ‎-us → ‎anffodus (“unfortunate”)

2. (chemistry) -ous, Used in chemical nomenclature to name chemical compounds in which a specified chemical element has a lower oxidation number than in the equivalent compound whose name ends in the suffix -ig. For example asid nitrus (“nitrous acid, HNO₂”) has fewer oxygen atoms per molecule than asid nitrig (“nitric acid, HNO₃”).

Derived terms

Welsh terms suffixed with -us

Further reading

• R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “-us”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies