Appendix:Finnish possessive suffixes

Finnish has a system of possessive suffixes, which are used in addition to or instead of the genitive case to express possession when the possessor is expressed with a personal pronoun. There are five distinct suffixes, depending on the person that is acting as the possessor (note that the third-person singular and third-person plural are not distinguished):

possessor	singular	plural
1st person	-ni (“my”)	-mme (“our”)
2nd person	-si (“your (sg)”)	-nne (“your (pl)”)*
3rd person	-nsa, -nsä (“his, her, their”) (-an, -än, -en)
*) Also the polite form

The suffix attaches to the end of the word, but assimilates a final -n in the genitive and illative forms.

Notes

Suffix or pronoun

The first-person and second-person suffixes can be used not just alongside, but in place of the pronoun, which can be omitted if a possessive suffix is present; thus taloni and minun taloni are synonymous. The case for the third-person suffix is different: if used on its own, it has a reflexive meaning, and because of this, the third-person pronoun cannot be left out in the same way as the first- and second-person ones can:

Kalle luki kirjansa. ― Kalle read his (own) book.

Kalle luki hänen kirjansa. ― Kalle read his/her book.

Inflection

There are no separate nominative forms for inflected words; both the nominative singular and plural have identical forms to the genitive singular, if a possessive suffix is present. The suffixes themselves make no distinction for the number of the possessed, but can be attached to inflected forms; that is, words can be inflected even if they have a possessive suffix.

Third-person suffix

The third-person possessive suffix also has a short form -Vn (V represents the previous vowel that is made long), which can only be used after the short vowels a, ä, e, and may not be used in the nominative or genitive cases.

Can the nominal form take the short third-person possessive suffix?
case	singular	plural
nominative	No	No
genitive	No	No
partitive	Possibly*	Yes
accusative	No	No
inessive	Yes	Yes
elative	Yes	Yes
illative	No	No
adessive	Yes	Yes
ablative	Yes	Yes
allative	Yes	Yes
essive	Yes	Yes
translative	Yes	Yes
abessive	Yes	Yes
instructive	—	No
comitative	—	Yes
) If the partitive form does not end in -aa* or -ää.

When the short suffix can be used, it usually is.

First-person suffix

The first-person singular possessive suffix has an alternative version, -in, which is poetic and thus chiefly used in poetry and music (however, its use is restricted; see the entry for more).

Colloquial Finnish

In colloquial Finnish, possessive suffixes are much less common.

Possessive suffixes will usually not be used with nominals, and the possessive structure instead uses the personal pronoun in the genitive case (which is subsequently never omitted). The same applies to e.g. postpositions and infinitive/participle forms. The comitative suffix, which requires a possessive suffix, is rarely used in colloquial speech anyway.

(minun) taloni (standard), mun talo (colloquial) ― my house

The second-person singular suffix -s(i) is occasionally used in colloquial Finnish, however, especially when used emphatically.

Predicative adverbials are generally less common, but when used, the possessive suffix is still used with them, even in colloquial Finnish. However, for some speakers, the third-person form may be used in all cases, which is grammatically incorrect in standard Finnish.

In addition, the possessive ending in the reflexive pronoun itsensä is still used in colloquial Finnish.

Uses

Possessive suffixes are not used (except for the reflexive usage of the third-person possessive suffix) if the complement in the genitive case is not a pronoun (such as if it is a name).

Nouns

Most nouns can receive a possessive suffix.

(minun) koirani ― my dog

In addition, the comitative case requires a possessive suffix for nouns (but not adjectives).

suurine perheineni ― with my large family

Adjectives

Adjectives usually do not receive a possessive suffix, even when used with a noun that has a possessive suffix. Thus, as an example, ×keltaiseni autoni is wrong, and should instead be keltainen autoni.

However, if the adjective is used being substantively, i.e. without a modifying noun, it may receive a possessive suffix.

In addition, adjectives used for comparisons of equality (such as ikäinen (“of ... age, as old as”), pituinen (“of ... length, as long as”) etc.) can receive a possessive suffix (such as ikäiseni (“of my age, the same age as me, as old as me”)). In this case, the modified noun does not automatically receive a possessive suffix.

Adverbs

Some adverbs receive a possessive suffix, and out of those most require it. The adverbs that require a possessive suffix are referred to as predicative adverbials (list).

oletko huolissasi? ― are you worried?

Postpositions

Certain postpositions, such as kanssa or luona, can also receive a possessive suffix.

(sinun) edessäsi ― in front of you

(meidän) luonamme ― at our place

With many of them, such as mielestä, it is required when the complement is a personal pronoun:

hänen mielestään ― in his/her opinion minun mielestäni ― in my opinion

yet henkilön mielestä and jonkun mielestä.

Numerals

(Cardinal) numerals cannot receive a possessive suffix.

Verb phrases

In some verb phrases, the object or some other word may receive a possessive suffix. There are two main types:

reflexive verbs, in which the possessive suffix corresponds to the person of the verb
non-reflexive verbs, in which the possessive suffix corresponds to the object; the possessive suffix is only used if the object is a personal pronoun
- for first-person and second-person pronouns, the pronoun may be omitted if the possessive suffix is used
- for third-person pronouns, the third-person pronoun must be included, since a third-person possessive suffix without a person has a reflexive meaning (object = self)

Participles

Agent participles require either a possessive suffix or a subject in the genitive case. For other types of participles, possessive suffixes are used as for adjectives.

Verb forms

Some verb forms, including participles, have special uses for possessive suffixes:

present active participle in genitive singular, with verbs like tajuta (“to realize”), ymmärtää (“to understand”), pelätä (“to fear, be afraid”): "(subject) would/will..."
hän pelkäsi joutuvansa... ― he/she was afraid he/she would end up (in)...
past active participle in genitive singular, with verbs like tajuta (“to realize”), ymmärtää (“to understand”), pelätä (“to fear, be afraid”): "(subject) had done..."
hän pelkäsi joutuneensa... ― he/she was afraid he/she had ended up (in)...
inessive of active second infinitive: "while/as (subject) is/was..."
(minun) katsoessani... ― while/as I was watching...
past passive participle in partitive singular: "(subject) having done..."
(minun) katsottuani... ― (me) having watched... / after I watched...
long first infinitive (requires a suffix): "in order for (subject) to do..."
tehdäksesi ― in order for you to do
fifth infinitive (requires a suffix): "(subject) was about to..."
olimme ostamaisillamme sen ― we were about to buy it
(uncommon, optional) instructive of active second infinitive: "while (subject)..."
minun nähteni ― before my eyes, before me ("as I was watching")