Appendix:Proto-Kartvelian reconstructions

Proto-Kartvelian (i.e., Proto-South Caucasian) reconstructions by Klimov (1998):

Note: "Level uncertain" means that Klimov (1998) is not sure whether the reconstructed form is at the Proto-Kartvelian or Proto-Georgian-Zan level. Proto-Kartvelian includes linguistic evidence from Svan, while Proto-Georgian-Zan does not include linguistic evidence from Svan.

Klimov (1998)

English gloss	Proto-Kartvelian	Proto-Georgian-Zan	level uncertain	Page
pronominal stem, proximal (opposed to distant *i-)	*a-			1
verbal prefix of causative	*a-			1
suffix of deverbative action noun	*-a			1
affix of adverbial derivation		*-ad		1
azalea (pontica)	*ad-l//had-			1
early, fast		*adr-a(d)		2
circumfix of the causative verbs		*a- -en//-in		2
ten	*at-			2
verbal thematic affix	*-am : -m			2
that, this	*a-ma-			2
elder	*anc̣₁l-			3
to be	*a-r-			3
eight	*arwa-			3
chamois		*arčw-		3
daughter	*asul-			4
deictic stem	*a-s₁-			4
hundred	*as₁ir-			4
here		*a-k-		4
preverb of direction		*aɣ-		5
gourd	*aq̣are-			5
henceforth, from now on		*a-c̣-		5
now, recently		*axl-a(d)		5
near (adverb)		*axlo-		5
to pour	*b-			6
to tie, bind	*b-			6
sheep-pen, goat-pen; floor of pen; crib		*baga-		6
net, cobweb	*bade-		(?)	6
sweet cherry		*bal-		7
to tie, bind	*b-am- : b-m-			7
to wash, wash oneself		*ban-		7
to interweave, plait	*band-		(?)	7
to twist, tie together		*bandɣ-		8
washed		*ban-il-		8
to wash	*bar- : br-			8
to reel, stagger		*barbac-		8
blackthorn, sloe		*bard-		8
thigh, haunch	*barḳ-		(?)	9
barren, dry		*barc̣₁-		9
brace, prop; stake, picket		*ba(r)ǯ-		9
thigh, haunch		*baq̣w-	(?)	9
to utter; sound, ring		*bger-		9
to set, catch fire	*bdw-			10
to set fire	*bdw-in-			10
to trash, belabor		*bez-		10
to fill; to get full, sated	*bez- : bz-			10
to beat strongly		*betk-		11
to trample down		*beḳ-		11
to blow; inflate, distend	*ber-			11
to hoe	*berg-			11
blowing		*ber-w-a		12
to beat out; shake		*berṭq̣-		12
wild pear; wild plum(-tree)	*berq̣en-		(?)	12
leg, step	*berq-			12
to be enough, suffice		*beɣ- : bɣ-		12
barn, storehouse		*beɣ-el-		13
sparrow		*beɣ-ur-		13
to move by touch, grope		*bec-		13
to push, shove		*beʓg-		13
to scold, rail; be angry		*beʓ₁ɣ-	(?)	14
to crumble, breakǃ	*beč̣- : bič̣-			14
to lean (on); rest (against)	*beʓ̌- : bʓ̌-			14
to crack		*bzar-		14
to stretch, pull out		*bz-eḳ- : bz-iḳ-		15
to hum, buzz	*bzu-			15
shoots, sprouts; edge		*bibil-		15
stick, cudgel	*biga-			15
to entice, lure		*bir-		15
push, bump		*biʓg-		16
step, support	*biʓ̌-			16
blunt, obtuse		*blagw-		16
kind of fern		*blanc-		16
fist		*bliḳw-	(?)	16
to rave		*bod-		17
stump, stub	*boḳw-			17
spider		*borbal-		17
to twirl, whirl		*br-		17
to sing	*br-			17
crash, din		*brag-un-		18
to wrestle	*brg-			18
to pluck (bird)		*brdɣ-wn-		18
to growl, grumble		*brdɣw-en-		18
to strike, knock; make a noise	*breg-			19
flat		*brṭq̣-el-		19
to pluck (bird)		*brṭq̣-wn-		19
to spin, whirl		*brun-		19
pomegranate (small)		*brc̣aml-		20
nest	*bude-			20
fly	*buz(w)-			20
to muffle up, wrap up; darken	*bur-			20
down, plumage		*burdɣa-		20
down and plumage		*burṭq̣l-		21
kind of weed		*burc₁x-		21
to bristle (up); ruffle		*burʓg-		21
bristle		*burʓga-		21
inflorescence, leaf		*buṭḳa-		21
bee		*buṭḳ-ar-		22
to eat (roughly), gorge		*buq̣-wn-		22
to low, moo; to yell	*bɣa(w)-			22
to bend, curve		*bɣwen- : bɣwn-		22
to curve, twist		*bɣwen-ḳ- : bɣwn-ḳ-		23
to growl, look sternly		*bɣwer- : bɣwr-	(?)	23
to frown, grin		*bɣn-eʓ̌- : bɣn-ʓ̌-		23
owl		*b(ɣ)u-		23
to nip, pinch		*bc̣ḳ-wn-		23
to prop up; lean, rest	*bʓ̌-en- : bʓ̌-in-			24
pronominal base of unclear deictic function (cf. *a-k-, *e-g-, *-k-)	*-g-			24
to build, construct		*g-		24
to string, thread; put through		*g-		24
to acquire, gain, win		*g-		24
to cook, boil	*gab- : gb-			25
to resemble	*gaw- : gw-			25
to sweep	*gaw- : gw-			25
to tear, pick; to break, burst	*gal- : gl-			26
complex preverb of direction 'outwards toward the speaker		*ga-mo-		26
side		*gan-		26
preverb of direction 'outside outwards		*ga(n)-		26
to soil, dirty; get dusty		*gangl-		27
hammered in, stuffed		*ga(n)-č̣ed-il		27
to make suck (calf before milking of cow)		*gen-		27
calf (suckling)		*gen-		27
to hear, learn		*gen- : gn-		27
to be (of drought)		*gwal-		28
to go	*gwal-		(?)	28
body, fore-part (of body)	*gwam-			28
to resemble	*gw-an-			28
to lead, conduct	*gwar- : gwr-			29
snake	*gwel-			29
side, flank		*gwerd-		29
fern		*gwimra-		29
to kindle, set fire		*gz-	(?)	30
way, path		*gza-		30
to smear, spread		*gl-es- : gl-is-		30
to tear, to break		*gl-eʓ̌- : *gl-iʓ̌- : gl-ʓ̌-		30
to grieve, deplore		*glo(w)-		31
to think, remember		*gon-		31
to roll, wallow	*gor- : gr-			31
mount, hill		*gora-		31
to lay eggs	*gr-			32
round artefact, ring	*grgw-			32
to thunder	*grgw-in-		(?)	32
to roll, twist		*gr-ex- : gr-ix-		32
twisted, rolled		*grex-il-		32
ring, hoop		*grḳ-al-		33
to be long, to be high	*grʓ-		(?)	33
long, high		*grʓ-el-		33
flea	*grc̣q̣-il-			33
branchy bough	*grʓ̌ɣa-		(?)	33
to get accustomed, train		*gu-		34
core, kernel	*guga-			34
cuckoo	*gugul-			34
leather bag, wineskin		*guda-		34
heart, core	*gul-			35
to weave	*gus₁- : gs₁-			35
clitic of condition		*-da		35
and (conjunction)		*da		35
preverb of direction 'down(wards) on surface		*da-		36
sister	*da-			36
cornfield, village, hamlet	*dab(a)-			36
elder sister		*da-did-		37
bear	*datw-			37
to be unfit, bad	*dar- : dr-			37
to put, stand	*dg-am- : dg-m-			37
to put		*dg-en- : dg-in-		37
to eat (with champing)		*dgw(l)ep- : dgw(l)ip-		37
to din, rumble		*dgr-		38
to stand	*deg- : dg-			38
mother	*deda-			38
female	*deda-l-		(?)	38
wife's/ husband's mother		*deda-mtil-		39
to lie, lay	*dew- : dw-			39
to bend, curve		*der- : dr-		39
log, beam; squared beam	*dwire-			40
big, large		*did-		40
to mumble, mutter	*didɣ-in-			40
spring wheat		*diḳa-		40
propolis		*dindg-el-		41
fertile soil	*diɣwam-			41
elbow		*d(l)aq̣w-		41
to melt, thaw	*dn-			41
hornless		*dola-		42
to bend, curve; stoop		*dr-eḳ- : dr-iḳ- : dr-ḳ-		42
bent, curved		*dreḳ-il-		42
tip	*dud-			42
to be(come) silent	*dum-			43
to boil, cook		*duɣ-		43
to soil, dirty; to botch, bungle	*dɣab- : dɣb-			43
day	*dɣe-			43
to churn		*dɣweb- : dɣwib-		44
to be liquid, fluid		*dɣl-		44
to tear, rend (roughly)		*dɣl-ez- : dɣl-iz-		44
pronominal element	*e-			45
verbal thematic suffix		*-eb		45
pronominal stem	*e-g-			45
root element, underlying ethnonym		*egr-		45
a verbal extension		*-ed- : -id		45
a toponymic affix	*-et		(?)	46
a verbal extension		*-et		46
a verbal extension		*-eḳ : -i(ḳ)		46
affix of noun derivation		*-el		46
to sparkle (of lightning)	*el-			46
derivatory affix of causative verbs	*-en : -in			47
one		*ert-		47
a verbal extension		*-es : -(i)s		47
pronominal stem	*e-s₁-			47
six	*eks₁w-			48
wild boar, pig		*ešw-		48
hatchet		*ečw-		48
a verbal extension		*-ex : -ix		48
to go		*wal- : wl-		49
to comb		*warcx-wn-		49
kneading trough	*warc₁l-			49
to sit		*warʓ- : wrʓ-		49
to lend, borrow		*wasx-	(?)	50
apple	*wašl-			50
Caucasian goat	*wac₁-			50
to go, walk		*wed- : wid-		51
valley, field		*wel-		51
vine		*wenaq-		51
negation particle		*wer		51
silver		*werc₁xl-		52
male, ram		*werʓ₁-		52
aspen		*werxw-		52
to fill, be filled	*wes₁- : ws₁-			52
mineral spring		*weʓ₁-		53
who		*win-		53
to forget		*wic̣₁q̣-		53
walk		*wl-a-		54
to divide, separate	*wlt-			54
to run away, escape	*wlṭ-			54
to injure, harm; to torment, suffer		*wn-		54
stem-forming enlargement		*-wn		55
to be broad, wide		*wrc₁-		55
broad, wide		*wrc₁-el-		55
to press, squeeze	*z-		(?)	55
year, season	*za-			56
to incite, instigate		*zaḳu(w)-		56
winter		*za-mtar-		56
to take care, keep	*zar- : zr-			56
to grow	*zard- : zrd-			57
to crumple, press, rub		*zel-		57
to trash, flog		*zep̣-		57
to look		*zer- : zir-		57
to calve, fawn	*zw-			58
to gather, collect	*zwer- : zwr-			58
to drag, pull		*zid-		58
to crowd (to overflowing)		*zizin-		58
blood	*zisxl-			59
to dream		*zm-		59
to dream		*zm-an- : zm-n-		59
to yelp, squeal		*zmu-		59
to measure, be measured	*zom-			60
to talk		*zop̣-		60
grown up, brought up		*zrd-il-		60
to perturb, excite		*zrz-en- : zrz-in-		60
to be thick, clumsy		*zrk-		61
thick, clumsy		*zrk-el-		61
to weep, sob; cry	*zu-			61
female	*zura-		(?)	61
sea	*zɣwa-			62
to limit, restrict	*zɣwan-			62
limit, bound	*zɣwar-			62
to limit, enclose		*zɣw-ed- : zɣw-d-		62
to pour (of heavy shower)		*zɣwel-		63
to be lazy	*z₁ar- : z₁r-			63
up(wards), upon	*z₁e			63
upper		*z₁e-da-		63
to strike, thrash, rumple		*z₁ez₁-		63
upper; top		*z₁e-mo-		64
upper		*z₁e-n(a)-		64
to fall; crush down		*z₁wal- : z₁wl-		64
avalanche, snow-slip	*z₁wa(w)-			64
to become damp, wet; freeze	*z₁r-			65
to shiver, tremble		*z₁rz₁-		65
to twitter, ring		*z₁r-ial-		65
to tumble; plop down	*z₁ɣap̣- : z₁ɣp̣-			65
mouse	*tagw-			66
head	*taw-			66
head over heels		*taw-da-		66
to plane, shave, hew		*tal- : tl-		66
honey	*tapl-			67
light	*te-		(?)	67
to raise (of dough)	*teb- : tb-			67
sucking-pig		*tel-		67
to trample, to tighten	*tel- : tl-			68
to become visible; be getting light	*ten- : tn-			68
dawn		*ten-eb-a-		68
to drag, pull	*ter- : tr-			68
to drink (wine)	*ter- : tr-			69
to sow, seed		*tes-		69
seed		*tes-l-		69
sowing		*tes-w-a		70
to pour, exhaust	*tex- : tx-			70
eye	*twal-			70
to be thin		*ttx-		70
thin, sparse		*ttx-el-		71
grass		*tib-		71
to mow		*tib-		71
finger		*tit-		71
to soil		*titx-wn-		72
to replace		*til-		72
soil, clay		*tiqa-		72
to endure; to need	*tm-			72
hair		*tma-		73
to snow	*to(w)-			73
snow		*tow-l-		73
hoe		*toq-		73
to tremble		*trt-		74
moon	*tute-			74
to scald, scald oneself		*tutk-		74
to break out, burst		*tkar- : tkr-		74
heavy shower		*tkaš-		75
to speak, say	*tkw-			75
to speak, say		*tkw-am- : tk(w)-m-		75
you (plur.)	*tkwen-		(?)	75
your (plur.)	*tkwen-		(?)	76
to shake; to beat up		*tkwep- : tk(w)ip-		76
to guzzle, champ		*tk(w)lep- : tk(w)lip-		76
to plait, weave; to compose		*txaz- : txz-		76
top	*txam-			77
pus		*txaml-		77
to dig; bury, bury oneself	*txar- : txr-			77
to catch; to look for	*txewl-			78
hazel-nut	*txil-			78
to soil		*txip-		78
sediment (of wine)		*txl-e-		78
to tear up, cut in		*txl-eš- : txi-iš-		79
alder		*txmel-		79
to ask		*txo(w)-		79
she-goat	*tqa-			80
deictic stem (denoting remote objects in contrast to *a-)	*i-			80
diminutive affix of substantive		*-ia		80
diminutive affix		*-iḳ	(?)	80
an affix producing participles		*-il		81
an affix producing a verbal noun		*-il		81
a pronominal stem of demonstrative semantics (in contrast to *a-ma- it denotes remote objects)	*i-ma-			81
snare (for catching birds)		*ireč̣-		81
arrow		*i-sar-		82
sedge		*isl-		82
deictc element		*i-s₁-		82
topoformative element	*-(i)s₁			82
affix producing adjectives of similarity		*-is₁-eul-		82
wheat		*i-pk-l-		83
fern	*ipxl-			83
there, over there		*i-k-		83
thight, narrow, strait		*ic̣₁ro-		83
duck		*ixwir-		84
to take	*ḳaw- : ḳw-			84
wooden goblet		*ḳatxa-		84
stone, kernel (of fruits)		*ḳaḳa-		65
partridge		*ḳaḳab-		85
to lack; to be short of	*ḳal- : ḳl-			85
to chatter; to rattle with one's teeth	*ḳap̣- : ḳp̣-			85
stick; pole, post	*ḳap̣-			86
to strike, beat		*ḳar- : ḳr-		86
to bind	*ḳar- : ḳr-			86
man, male, husband	*ḳac₁-			86
to bite		*ḳb-		87
to bite		*ḳb-en- : ḳb-in-		87
tooth		*ḳb-il-		87
to build, construct	*ḳed- : ḳd-			87
wall		*ḳ(e)d-el-		88
to add; to mix		*ḳet-		88
to stoke, poke (with beak)		*ḳeḳ-		88
to peck, to eat little by little		*ḳeḳ-wn-		88
to be lame, to limp	*ḳel- : ḳl			89
to lack, to be short of	*ḳel- : ḳl-			89
to peck out		*ḳenḳ-		89
to tremble, to get frightened		*ḳert- : ḳrt-		89
to pluck (out)	*ḳerṭ- : ḳrṭ-			90
clay, clay vessel		*ḳec-		90
to put together		*ḳec₁-		90
track, footprint		*ḳwal-		90
to smoke	*ḳwam- : ḳwm-			91
smoke	*ḳwam-l-			91
to lose (caused by death)	*ḳwed- : ḳwd-			91
to chop, to cut off	*ḳwet- : ḳwt-			92
chopped off, cut off		*ḳwet-il-		92
marten		*ḳwenr-		92
flat cake, cookie (round)		*ḳwer-		92
crow	*ḳwer-			93
stick	*ḳwertx-			93
round object		*ḳwer-ḳwer-		93
to break up, split, crush, smash		*ḳwerc₁x-		93
to moan	*ḳwes- : ḳws-			94
to strike (fire)		*ḳwes₁- : ḳws₁-		94
to push, to fill in		*ḳwex-		94
to astonish, surprise; to be astonished, be surprised		*ḳwir-		94
to be awake, wake up		*ḳwircx-		95
leg	*ḳwi(r)c₁x-			95
mountain she-goat	*ḳwic-			95
to cry	*ḳi-			96
lobster		*ḳibo-		96
to take; to hang	*ḳid-			96
finger, toe		*ḳit-		96
to ask		*ḳitx-		97
to eat little by little, peck		*ḳiḳ-wn-		97
rock	*ḳlde-		(?)	97
to hew, hollow		*ḳod-		97
vessel made of one piece of wood, tub		*ḳod-		98
woodpecker		*ḳodal-		98
spoon		*ḳowz-		98
to die together		*ḳon-		98
top		*ḳonc₁x-		99
scoop (for wine)		*ḳop̣e-		99
gnat		*ḳoɣo-		99
to shine	*ḳr-			99
lamb		*ḳraw-		99
to gather, to get together		*ḳreb- : ḳrb-		100
to gather, pick (fruit, flowers)		*ḳrep- : ḳrip-		100
to cut, cut off		*ḳreč̣- : ḳrič̣- : krč̣-		100
moth		*ḳrḳil-		100
acorn		*ḳrḳo-		101
to cluck (about a sitting hen)		*ḳrox-		101
brood hen		*ḳrox-		101
to pluck (out), nip	*ḳrṭ-wn-		(?)	101
to scream		*ḳ(r)čxi-		102
branchy knot	*ḳrčxa-		(?)	102
prickly (insect, animal)		*ḳrčxib-		102
to grit		*ḳrč̣-		103
tortoise		*ḳu-		103
tail	*ḳud- (// ḳwed-)			103
to moan (weakly)		*ḳut-		103
angle		*ḳutx(u)-		103
bud, burgeon		*ḳuḳul-		104
to press (on lips, fist)	*ḳum-			104
to moan, grumble		*ḳumin-	(?)	104
stone (of a fruit)		*ḳurḳa-		104
hail	*ḳurcx-		(?)	104
boy, penis (pueri)	*ḳuṭu-			105
drop, small scrap	*ḳupx-			105
to shred (into small pieces)		*ḳuc̣₁-		105
to become tender, soft; to moisten		*lab- : lb-		106
to plant	*lag- : lg-			106
to drive out the cattle to graze		*lal-		106
to singe (a bird, a pig)		*lal-		106
to bark		*lal-		107
fig		*laɣw-		107
rotten		*laq̣e-		107
lip		*laš-		107
softened, soft (about inanimate objects)		*lb-il-		108
saliva		*lez₁w-		108
puppy		*leḳw-		108
cane		*lel-		108
silly, stupid		*lele-		108
reed		*ler-c̣₁em-		109
to rub, sharpen		*les-		109
to thaw, to melt	*leqw- : lqw-			109
to fashion, model; to slip		*lip̣-		109
to lick	*loḳ-			110
to wet, to get wet		*lṭw-		110
breakable buckthorn		*luḳupxa-		110
to doze, sleep		*lul-		110
to get wet	*lumb-		(?)	111
to eat (rudely)		*lš-wn-		111
word-formation prefix	*m-			111
word-forming circumfix	*m- -e			112
word-formation circumfix		*m- -el-		112
what (pronoun)	*ma-			112
pronominal stem of the third person	*ma-			112
word-forming element	*ma-			113
verbal negative particle	*mad			113
heavy		*maḳe-		113
to get heavy, pregnant		*maḳen-		113
father	*mama-			114
male		*mama-l-		114
father-in-law		*mama-m-til-		114
badger		*ma(n)čw-		115
young one		*martwe-		115
strawberry	*marc̣q̣w-			115
to conquer, overcome	*marʓ̌w-			115
adroit, comfortable		*marʓ̌w-		116
right hand	*ma-rʓ̌w-en-			116
first-net		*mase-		116
worm	*ma-ṭl-			117
wool (of sheep), fleece	*maṭq̣l-			117
blackberry	*maq̣w-			117
sort of wheat		*maxa-		117
word-forming prefix	*me-			118
word-forming element		*me- -al		118
word-forming element	*me- -e			118
Megrelian		*m-egr-el-		118
fox		*mel-	(?)	119
I	*men			119
shallow (about water), rare		*me-rčx-e		119
finger-ring	*me-(r)č̣ed-			119
palisade; stake		*meser-		120
owning, owner		*me-up-e		120
clear sky, fine weather	*me-px-e			120
milked, milch		*me-c̣₁wel-		121
swallow		*me-c̣₁rx-al-		121
sun	*mz₁e-			121
sunny side	*mz₁ware-		(?)	121
to press, crumple, squeeze	*mz₁ɣw-			122
cold'(?)	*mt-			122
preverb of direction meaning 'aside from the speaker		*mi-		122
grasshopper, locust		*mḳal-		122
breast, chest	*mḳerd- : mḳrd-			123
unripe, sour		*m-ḳwax-e		123
deprived, lacking		*m-ḳl-e		123
preverb of direction with the meaning of 'in the direction towards the speaker		*mo-		124
grown, grown-up		*mo-zrd-il-		124
ball, skein		*mo-rgw-		124
to get dressed, put on	*mos-			124
cut off		*mo-č̣r-il-		124
to wither, fade		*mžɣr-		125
safe, intact, healthy		*m-rt-el-		125
point, thorn		*m-(s)č̣w-al-		125
pear	*msxal-			125
stout, big		*(m)s₁xw-il-		125
dust, whirlwind of dust		*mṭwer-		126
greens, vegetables		*mṭil-		126
span, inch		*mṭḳaw-el-		126
knee, corner		*muql-		127
moth(?)	*mɣ-		(?)	127
strong, sound, solid		*mq̣ar-		127
to graft		*mq̣en- : mq̣n-		127
to be hungry		*mš(i)-		128
child	*m-šw-e			128
beautiful, beauty	*m-šwen-			128
to shoot (an arrow)		*mšwil-		129
bow		*mšwild-		129
little, small		*mcire-		129
to leave (to), charge, entrust		*mc₁en- : mc₁n-		129
rancid (nut)	*mʓaɣe-		(?)	130
foundling (egg)		*m-ʓ₁ew-al-	(?)	130
fist		*mʓ₁iɣ-		130
to soil, to make dirty		*mc̣iḳw-	(?)	130
salt, salted		*mc̣q̣at-		131
bitter		*mc̣₁are-		131
insect, fly	*mc̣₁er-			131
to train (to), break in		*mc̣₁q̣-		132
to pasture, shepherd (cattle)		*mc̣₁q̣-es- : mc̣₁q̣-s-		132
shepherd		*mc̣₁q̣es-		132
bread (of millet), churek		*mč̣ad-		132
sour		*mč̣axe-		133
smith, blacksmith		*m-č̣ed-el-		133
lean, skinny, thin		*mč̣le-		133
vegetables, greens		*mxal-		133
to eat		*mxar-		134
lizard		*mxul-		134
shoulder	*mqar-			134
to overthrow, overturn	*mqw-			134
grey hair	*mqc₁e-			135
hoary with age		*mqc₁-oan-		135
to want, desire, wish	*n-			135
word-formation affix of the past participle	*na-			136
collective help (assistance) in agriculture		*nad-		136
gone, done; covered; beaten		*na-wal-		136
to shine, give light		*nat- : nt-		136
light		*nat-e-		137
piece, cut, section; lump		*na-ḳwet-		137
splinter, fragment		*na-ḳwerc₁x-al-		137
mummy		*nana-		137
splinter, chip; spark		*na-p̣erc̣ḳ-		138
planted		*na-rg-		138
broken; fragment(s)		*na-ṭex-		138
powder		*na-car-		138
spruce, fir(-tree)	*naʓw-			139
scrap, lump		*na-c̣₁qwed-		139
coal		*na-qšir-		139
piece, portion, cut, section, lump		*na-č̣er-		139
word-forming prefix	*ne-			140
palm	*neb-		(?)	140
damp, moist, fresh		*nedl-		140
female of small livestock	*ne-zw-			140
maple		*ne-ḳerčxa-		140
little finger		*neḳ(u)-		141
needle		*nems₁-		141
tongue, word	*nena-			141
planted, seedling		*ne-rg-		141
saliva, spittle	*ne-rc̣₁q̣w-			142
nostril	*ne-sṭw-			142
word-forming prefix	*ni-			142
chin	*ni-ḳap̣-			142
snout		*niḳel-		142
boy, lad, adolescent		*ninw-el-		143
beak	*ni-(s)ḳrṭ-			143
mist, fog		*nisl-	(?)	143
snout, mug, lip		*ničw-		143
lowland		*noɣa-		144
no, not'(prohibitive particle)	*nu			144
no, not (the prohibitive particle)	*numa			144
two	*jor-			144
spider	*oboba-		(?)	145
hardly, just; while	*ode			145
four	*otxo-			145
to wage war		*om-		146
navel		*o(m)p̣e-		146
sweat	*opl-			146
hoopoe		*opop-		146
twenty		*oc₁-		147
solitary, lone (person)	*oqar-		(?)	147
grandfather		*p̣ap̣a-		147
outgrowth, protuberance		*p̣aɣw-		148
to find, to discover		*p̣ew-		148
to scutch (wool)	*p̣enṭ- : p̣nṭ-			148
lather	*p̣er-			148
to fly	*p̣er-			149
butterfly	*p̣erp̣er-			149
to beat out, knock out		*p̣erṭq̣- : p̣rṭq̣-		149
to crack, split	*p̣erc̣ḳ- : prc̣ḳ-			150
to blink, wink		*p̣eč̣-		150
copper		*p̣ilenʓ₁-		150
edge	*p̣ir-			150
to sharpen (scythe)		*p̣ir-		151
flat		*p̣rṭq̣-el-		151
to squelch		*p̣ruc̣₁-in-		151
fragment, splinter, stone		*p̣rc̣ḳa-		151
to chop, hack, cut to pieces	*p̣u-			152
whisper, low muttering		*p̣uṭ-		152
to pluck (poultry)		*p̣uṭ-wn-		152
to crumple; to thrash		*žež-		152
to be	*r-			153
ditch		*rabo-		153
to stretch out; break, disconnect	*ratx- : rtx-			153
to gird, engird	*raṭq̣- : rṭq̣-			154
to count, compute, calculate, to expect		*racx- : rcx-		154
to be fit, be useful	*rg-		(?)	154
to plant		*rg-		155
enclitic particle		*-re	(?)	155
to throw on, fall upon		*regw-		155
to knock, tap, strike	*reḳ-			155
foolish, stupid, silly; fool		*reṭ(u)-		156
to cover	*rekw- : rkw-			156
to say	*rekw- : rkw-			156
to pour, pull down, destroy; fall in, collapse	*reɣw- : rɣw-			156
to drive (multitude of objects)	*req̣- : rq̣-			156
to oscillate, shake	*req̣- : rq̣-			157
to purl, babble, murmur		*rečx- : rčx-		157
to spread; make a bed	*rec₁- : rc₁-			157
to wash, launder	*rec₁x- : rc₁x-			158
to jingle, tinkle, ring	*rec̣ḳ- : ric̣ḳ-			158
to beat, strike (with sth.)		*rex-		158
to join, unite; to become united, whole		*rt-		158
to cover		*rtw-		159
to stretch (out); to break, disconnect		*rtx-am- : rtx-m-		159
to be angry; to swear, to quarrel (with)		*ris₁x-		159
to fight, wrestle		*rḳen- : rḳin-	(?)	159
to clean, sort out	*rḳw-			160
to get dark		*rum-		160
to cover, be covered	*rkw-am- : rkw-m-			160
to listen (to), obey		*rč-		160
to shake, swing		*rc̣-		160
to believe		*rc̣am- : rc̣m-		161
to vomit; to throw out, excrete, eject liquid	*rc̣₁q̣aw- : rc̣₁q̣w-			161
to overcome, conquer	*rʓ̌w-			161
interrogative pronominal stem		*sa-		161
where		*sa-d		162
steep		*sal-		162
three	*sam-			162
to throw		*sar- : sr-		162
thrush (blackbird)		*sašw-		163
to judge, try, punish		*saʓ̌- : sʓ̌-		163
flax		*sel-		163
to hear, to be heard	*sem- : sm-			163
you (sing.)	*sen			164
to slide, slip, glide		*ser- : sr-		164
to stick in, stab, thrust	*sw-			164
to pass over; to oil, smear (with)		*sw-		164
to stick into, stab	*sw-am- : sw-m-			165
to pass (over); to smear		*sw-am- : sw-m-		165
wing, feather		*swe-		165
to lay out; to arrange, order; to draw up		*swer- : swr-		165
to break away, fall		*stw-		166
bird	*sir-			166
to tie (up), bind (up)		*sḳw-		166
to lick, smack		*slek- : slk-		166
to listen (to)	*sm-en- : sm-in-			167
to destroy, exterminate		*sr-eṭ-		167
to polish; to rub (in)	*sr-es- : sr-s-		(?)	167
sliding, slipping, twisting		*sr-ial-		168
pimple, abscess		*srsw-il-		168
to whistle; to pipe	*sṭw-			168
to whistle; to pipe		*sṭw-en- : sṭw-in-		168
ivy		*sur-		169
to bear fruit; to grow	*sx-			169
to slide, to glide; to hack, hew (down)		*sxal- : sxl-		169
to bear fruit; to grow	*sx-am- : sx-m-			169
to make a quick movement	*sxep̣- : sxip̣-			170
to draw, stretch	*sxerp̣- : sxirp̣-			170
to catch; to encompass	*sxwerp̣-			170
to tear off, pick, break off		*sxwe(r)ṭ-		171
to stumble, slip		*sxl-eṭ- : sxl-ṭ-		171
medlar	*sxmarṭl-			171
ceiling, roof		*sqwen-		171
word formation prefix	*(s)a-		(?)	172
tie, leash		*(s)a-bm-el-		172
breakfast (provision) for the way		*(s)a-gz-al-		172
awl		*(s)a-dg-is₁		173
comb		*(s)a-warcx-ar-		173
seat		*(s)a-warʓ-el-		173
full, complete		*(s)a-ws₁-e-		173
food, subsistence		*(s)a-zrd-el-		174
small bell, bluebell		*(s)a-reḳ-el-		174
roof		*(s)a-rtw-l-		174
linen, clothes (for washing)		*(s)a-rc₁x-el-		174
cradle		*(s)a-rc̣-e-		174
head of the bed		*(s)a-(s)tum-al-		175
drinking		*(s)a-s₁wm-el-		175
sieve		*(s)a-cer-		175
mortar		*(s)a-c₁em-ar-		175
wine-press		*(s)a-c̣₁nex-el-		176
food, meal		*(s)a-č̣m-el-		176
house		*(s)a-xl-		176
coupling, joint, articulation		*(s)a-qs-ar-		176
to spin	*(s)et- : (s)t-			177
word-forming affix		*(s)i-		177
dream		*(s)i-zmar-		177
milk	*(s)ʓ₁e-			177
to drive, knock (in), stick in(to)		*(s)č̣w-		178
pronominal stem	*s₁-			178
to destroy, ruin		*s₁ar- : s₁r-		178
to sharpen	*s₁er- : s₁r-			178
to drink	*s₁w-			179
to drink		*s₁w-am- : s₁w-m-		179
Svan	*s₁wan-			179
to breathe, sigh; to rest	*s₁wen- : s₁wn-			179
sight, breath	*s₁wer-			180
to sigh	*s₁wer- : s₁wr-			180
to eat (champing, smacking one's lips)		*s₁wl-ep̣- : s₁wl-ip̣-		180
to make noise, rustle		*s₁i-		180
to swell, swell up	*s₁i(w)-			180
to stuff oneself		*s₁i(w)s₁i(w)n-		181
son-in-law, bridegroom	*s₁iʓ₁e-			181
to hiccup		*s₁loḳ-		181
to be wet		*s₁ow-		182
wet, soaked		*s₁ow-el-		182
to wet, make wet		*s₁owl-		182
soul, spirit		*s₁ul-		182
to be silent, be quiet	*s₁us₁-			182
to grow stout, fat	*s₁uq-			183
to dry up; to bake well		*s₁uš-		183
to hang, to sit (about multitude)		*s₁x-		183
to hang, to sit (about multitude)		*s₁x-am- : s₁x-m-		183
to fence, hedge	*s₁xaṭ- : s₁xṭ-		(?)	184
to be fat, stout, large		*s₁xw-		184
one; other	*s₁xwa-			184
flint		*ṭal-	(?)	184
to break, to strike (on)		*ṭax-		185
lake	*ṭba-			185
to leave, let go		*ṭe(w)-		185
to go in; to be contained		*ṭe(w)- : ṭi(w)-		186
to fill, to stuff, pack (tight) with		*ṭen-		186
bark, crust, peel	*ṭep-		(?)	186
to warm, heat; to warm oneself		*ṭep- : ṭp-		186
to break	*ṭex- : ṭx-			187
breaking		*ṭex-a-		187
broken		*ṭex-il-		187
to light (up)	*ṭwar- : ṭwr-			187
brain		*ṭwin-		187
louse	*ṭil-			188
to seek for insects, examine clothes with the object of insects		*ṭis₁-wn-		188
to stuff, fill (tight)	*ṭiṭin-		(?)	188
to press, press oneself	*ṭḳeb- : ṭḳb-			188
to press, trample		*ṭḳep̣-		189
to crack, crash	*ṭḳerc₁- : ṭḳrc₁-			189
to skin, bark		*ṭḳec-		189
to strike	*ṭḳec₁- : ṭḳc₁-			189
to crack (a nut)	*ṭḳwer- : ṭḳwr-			189
to champ, to smack one's lips (whilst eating)		*ṭḳw(l)ep̣-		190
to eat up (about worms)	*ṭl-			190
mud		*ṭlap-		190
to lick, lick oneself		*ṭleḳ- : ṭrḳ-		190
lower part of a leg		*ṭli(n)ḳ-		190
to drag along, stagger		*ṭnṭ-al-		191
to spawn		*ṭop-		191
dove		*ṭrad-		191
udder		*ṭua-		191
ashes	*ṭuṭa-		(?)	192
warm		*ṭp-il-		192
hide		*ṭq̣aw-		192
pedere; to have diarrhoea	*ṭq̣ar- : ṭq̣r-			192
forest, tree	*tq̣e(n)-		(?)	193
to report, to let know		*ṭq̣w-		193
spleen	*tq̣irb-			193
to hit strongly; to strike		*ṭq̣l-eš- : ṭq̣l-iš-		193
to throw; to strike (with a crack)	*ṭq̣oc-			194
twins	*ṭq̣ub-			194
mushroom, fungus	*ṭq̣u(r)b-			194
derivational affix of participles	*u-			194
derivational affix of pejoratives		*u-		195
derivational coaffixes of elative (in adjectives)		*u- -es₁		195
bosom, lap		*ube//a-		195
affix of causative verbs	*-un			195
large intestine		*určx-		195
sacrificial ox, bull	*usx-			195
to possess, own		*up-		196
yoke	*uɣ-			196
to know		*uc̣q̣-		196
to hide, to bury		*pal- : pl-		197
to throw about, disperse	*panṭ-			197
to cover	*par- : pr-			197
to flit, flutter		*parpaṭ-		197
harrow		*parc₁x-		198
to brag about, boast		*parx-un-		198
milk porridge		*papa-		198
mane		*papar-		198
fuss, trouble		*pac-		198
to fuss		*pac-ur-		198
to scratch, claw		*pacx-un-		199
to stroke		*pac₁-un-		199
to break; to blow up	*petk- : ptk-			199
to spread; to sraw	*pen- : pin-			199
to shake; to knock out	*pertx- : prtx-			200
to shake	*pertx-			200
root		*pesw-	(?)	200
millet	*peṭw-			200
to grind	*pekw- : pkw-			201
to dehisce (noisily, with a crack)	*peš- : pš-			201
to feel, touch; to caress	*pešw-			201
lungs	*pirṭw-			201
to make a hole	*piṭ- : pṭ-		(?)	202
dry brushwood		*pic₁x-		202
to wear out	*plet- : plit- : plt-			202
hoof		*polo-		203
rake		*pocx-		203
to rake		*pocx-		203
to fly		*pr-en- : pr-in-		203
to tear, rend		*prec̣- : pric̣-		204
torn		*prec̣-il-		204
to tremble; to rouse oneself	*prtx-			204
to snort		*prṭw-in-		204
nail, claw	*prcxa-			204
to scratch oneself	*prcx-en-			205
to peel		*prc₁-wn-		205
to urinate	*ps-			205
to urinate		*ps-am- : ps-m-		206
to inflate; to rise	*pu-			206
to boil	*pu-wn-			206
cow	*pur-			206
to whisper		*pu(r)č-		206
foliage, husk		*purc₁-el-		207
rotten (about fruit, trees), rot		*puṭuro-		207
abscess		*pupul-		207
to swear		*puc₁-		208
oath		*puc₁-		208
ground, flour		*pkw-il-		208
to yawn		*pknar- : pknr-		208
hop		*pšala-		209
to crumble, make friable	*pšw-en- : pšw-n-		(?)	209
to be clear (of weather)	*px-			209
frame, small bone	*pxa-			209
to scrape		*px-eḳ- : px-iḳ-		210
to scratch, to peck	*pxoṭ-		(?)	210
to tear (roughly)		*pxrec̣- : pxric̣-		210
to pucker		*pxuc̣₁-		210
pronominal stem		*-k-		211
to know	*kab- : kb-		(?)	211
to make mistake, err	*kad- : kd-			211
hen		*katam-		211
to do	*kam- : km-		(?)	212
to wave, rock, swing		*kan- : kn-		212
to disperse; to disappear		*kar- : kr-		212
simple base underlying Georgian-Zan derivatives *kartw-el- and *kart-ul-. Similar Svan Kärt- 'Tbilisi' seems to be a later acquisition.		*kart(w)-		213
Georgian		*kartw-el-		213
Georgian (of non-human objects)		*kart-ul-		213
sea buckthorn		*kacw-		213
to tempt	*kb-un-			213
to seduce	*kd-un-			214
back of head; neck		*ked-		214
to turn	*ket- : kt-			214
to pick, dig into	*ke(n)k-			214
to recover one's breath	*kel-			214
dandruff		*kerṭl-		215
scale	*kerc₁l-			215
rind, scale		*kec(u)-		215
to turn, convert		*kec₁- : kc₁-	(?)	215
stone		*kwa-		215
cave	*kwab-		(?)	216
below, down	*kwe			216
affirmative particle		*kwe		216
to cut	*kwec- : kwc-			216
breathing, spirit	*kwin-			217
brother-in-law	*kwis₁l-			217
anvil		*kwrdeml-		217
to swing		*kian-		217
midge		*kinkl-		217
husband		*kmar-		218
to make	*km-en- : km-n-		(?)	218
fat, brain		*kon-		218
hawk		*kor-		218
tear		*kreml-		219
hornbeam	*krcxml-			219
oat flour		*kumel-		219
heel		*kursl-		219
to peel, remove crust		*kurc₁-		220
to do; to speak (loudly)	*ɣad- : ɣd-			220
last night		*ɣame-		220
to cry; to sing	*ɣar- : ɣr-			221
gutter, furrow		*ɣare-		221
goose	*ɣarɣad-			221
to talk a lot		*ɣarɣar-		221
cheek	*ɣac̣₁w-			222
jaw	*ɣač̣-			222
to paint, color		*ɣeb-		222
to be nervous; to get frightened		*ɣel-		222
ravine, gully		*ɣelo-		222
stem, stalk	*ɣer-			223
to stretch; to raise one's hand		*ɣer- : ɣir-		223
to grind (coarsely); to gnaw		*ɣerɣ- : ɣrɣ-		223
coarse-ground flour		*ɣerɣ-il-		223
to move apart, shovel aside		*ɣeɣ-		224
to chew	*ɣeč̣-		(?)	224
to take, take away (of inanimate objects)	*ɣ(w)-			224
weed, darnel, tare		*ɣwarʓl-		224
to hurry; to chase	*ɣwac̣₁- : ɣwc̣₁-			225
to weave, wattle	*ɣweb-			225
belt, leash	*ɣwed-		(?)	225
to curve; to bend	*ɣwel- : ɣwl-			226
to stream down		*ɣwent-		226
to bend		*ɣwer- : ɣwr-		226
juniper	*ɣwi-			226
to smoulder; to twinkle	*ɣwiw-			227
wine	*ɣwino-			227
bent, curved		*ɣwl-		227
to get crooked; to bend		*ɣwl-az-		228
to get crooked; to bend	*ɣwl-aʓ₁-			228
to twist, roll	*ɣwl-arč̣-			228
to get crooked, get curved		*ɣwl-eḳ- : ɣwl-iḳ-		228
earthworm	*ɣwl-erč̣-			229
to crook (get crooked), curve (get curved)		*ɣ(w)r-eḳ- : ɣ(w)r-iḳ- : ɣ(w)r-ḳ-		229
crooked, bent		*ɣ(w)reḳ-il-		229
to weep		*ɣi-		229
to tickle		*ɣiṭin-	(?)	229
to gnaw		*ɣič̣-wn-		230
to speak (with a smile)		*ɣiʓ̌-in-		230
to tear		*ɣl-		230
to tear up		*ɣl-eṭ- : ɣl-iṭ- : ɣl-ṭ-		230
torn, ragged		*ɣleṭ-il-		230
armpit		*ɣlia-	(?)	231
to howl, roar		*ɣmu-		231
wattle-fence	*ɣob-e-		(?)	231
horse sorrel		*ɣolo-		231
fox-tail millet		*ɣom(u)-		231
swine		*ɣor-		232
to deceive		*ɣor-		232
gob (fish)		*ɣorʓ̌o-		232
to crumple		*ɣoč̣-		233
to fade		*ɣr-		233
to snarl		*ɣr-en- : ɣr-in-		233
to frown		*ɣr-eʓ̌- : ɣr-iʓ̌- : ɣr-ʓ̌-		233
hole, pit		*ɣrma-		233
God	*ɣrmat-			234
cartilage		*ɣrṭil-	(?)	234
to grunt		*ɣru(n)ṭ-		234
to gnaw		*ɣrɣ-wn-		235
to embrace		*ɣrʓ₁-	(?)	235
to gnash, grit the teeth	*ɣrč̣-en- : ɣrč̣-in-			235
to cut (with a blunt knife)		*ɣrʓ̌-wn-		235
gums, molars		*ɣrʓ̌-il-		235
owl	*ɣu-			236
to coo		*ɣuɣ-un-		236
to lead, have	*q̣aw- : q̣w-			236
to make		*q̣aw- : q̣w-		236
to curdle (milk)		*q̣aw- : q̣w-		237
wild cherry-plum		*q̣amal-		237
cornfield, ploughed field		*q̣ana-		237
to stink		*q̣ar- : q̣r-		237
to pour, run out; to stream		*q̣ar- : q̣r-		238
gullet, throat		*q̣arq̣anṭ-		238
jaw	*q̣ba-			238
neck	*q̣el-			238
to thirst	*q̣em- : q̣m-			238
wild cherry-plum	*q̣emal-			239
to be quite full		*q̣eq̣-		239
to conduct, bring (of animate objects)		*q̣wan-		239
to love		*q̣war-		239
brynza		*q̣w-el-		240
hot ashes	*q̣welp-			240
to oscillate, vacillate		*q̣wenṭ- : q̣wnṭ-		240
testicle	*q̣wer-			240
to geld, castrate	*q̣wer-		(?)	241
hearth		*q̣werb-		241
to plunge (into smth)	*q̣wint-			241
to raise, wake, be awake	*q̣wiʓ₁-			241
liver	*q̣wiʓ₁-l-			242
to strip off, scratch off; to fade	*q̣w(l)ep- : q̣w(l)ip- : q̣w(l)p-			242
bone		*q̣wl-iw-		242
to crow (of a rooster)		*q̣i-		242
to acquire, gain		*q̣id-		243
to cool, freeze		*q̣in-		243
to swallow	*q̣lap̣- : q̣lp̣-			243
penis	*q̣le-			243
all, every		*q̣owl-		244
to be late, tarry		*q̣own-		244
throat, gullet		*q̣orq̣-		244
calf of buffalo		*q̣oq̣o-		244
to swallow	*q̣rṭ(w)- // q̣nṭ(w)-			245
to howl	*q̣u-			245
handle of an axe		*q̣ua-		245
to put against; to stick		*q̣ud-		245
house		*q̣ud-e		245
to squat		*q̣u(n)c-		246
ear		*q̣ur-		246
to howl (of wolves, dogs)		*q̣ur-		246
to become dumb; be silent		*q̣urs-		246
to load oneself (heavily)		*q̣urs₁-		246
deaf, dumb		*q̣ur-u-		247
ear of the needle		*q̣ur-c̣-		247
to squat	*q̣uq̣-			247
into (preverb)		*še-		247
to be proper	*šed- : šd-			248
to give birth; to beget	*šew- : šw-			248
to befit smb., be proper	*šw-			248
to let somebody go; to leave	*šw-			248
to choke; to suffocate, be suffocated; to drown, get drown	*šwd-			249
to remain	*šwed- : šwd-		(?)	249
roe, chamois		*šwel-		250
your (sing.)	*š(w)en-			250
to decorate; to be proper, befit	*šw-en- : šw-n-			250
to get dry; to become dim		*šwer- : šwr-		250
seven	*šwid-			251
born		*šw-il-		251
to frighten, get frightened		*š(w)in-		251
cornel		*ši(n)d-		252
middle; in the middle	*šowa-			252
Rhododendron ponticum	*šor-		(?)	252
to extinguish		*šr-eṭ- : šr-iṭ- : šr-ṭ-		252
extinct		*šrek-il-		253
forehead; front part	*šubl-			253
to be in an awkward situation; fear	*šur-			253
shame, envy	*šur-			253
sling		*šurdun-		254
to splash	*šxep̣-		(?)	254
to be refined, elegant		*šxwerṭ-		254
to be seen		*čan- : čn-		254
my	*č(w)em-			255
to make visible		*čen- : čin-		255
chaff		*čerč-		255
to soften	*čečw- : ččw-			255
to hollow; to break		*čečk-		256
to get accustomed; to train, school		*čw(e)-		256
we	*čwen			256
our	*čwen-			256
to cut, chop off		*čig-wn-		257
goitre	*čiq̣w-		(?)	257
to dig in, rummage in		*čičk-wn-		257
to appear, emerge		*čn-d-		257
to calm down		*čum-	(?)	258
to tear into pieces		*čkal- : čkl-		258
to well up, purl; to be agitated		*čkep-		258
soft (of animate objects)		*ččw-il-		258
fish		*čxam-		259
magpie	*čxartw-			259
to entangle, interlace	*čxeb- : čxb-			259
to shake down (by pole)		*čx-eḳ-		259
to pick (with stick)	*čxer- : čxir- : čxr-			259
to prick, pierce		*čxw-		260
brushwood		*čxwe(r)ḳ-		260
to prick; to whip		*čxw(l)-eṭ- : čxw(l)-iṭ-		260
pricked, pierced		*čxw(l)eṭ-il-		260
jay		*čxiḳw-		261
stick	*čxir-			261
to pick (with stick)		*čxr-eḳ- : čxr-ḳ- : čxr-ḳ-		261
sky	*ca-			261
to toil, labor; to endeavour		*cad- : cd-		262
part, piece		*cal-		262
to sift; to disperse		*car- : cr-		262
elm	*caj-			262
scythe		*cel-		262
to mow		*cel-		263
to peel, strip off	*cel- : cl-			263
to walk fumblingly; to grope one's way		*cec-		263
to pull down; to break		*ceck-		263
to remove stubble		*cex-		264
to put on; to string	*cw-			264
to change, replace	*cwal- : cwl-			264
to put on; to hoist on	*cw-am- : cw-m-			264
to walk (hopping)		*cwar-		265
dew, drop of dew		*cwar-		265
to smear	*cwem- : cwm-			265
to pour, fall		*cw(i)-		265
fat	*c(w)m-el-		(?)	265
span		*cid(a)-	(?)	266
to stick into	*ciḳ-		(?)	266
white (of egg)		*cila-		266
wild cat	*cic(o)-			266
to nibble		*cick-wn-		267
cowberry	*cmq̣wa-			267
sifted		*cr-il-		267
to rub away; to fade		*crec- : cric-		267
to draw out		*ckwr-en- : ckwr-in-	(?)	267
to laugh		*cc-		268
to laugh		*cc-in-		268
brushwood	*cxeḳ-			268
arrow, thorn	*cxwi-		(?)	268
to be older	*c₁-			269
to give; to beat		*c₁-		269
to have time; to wait		*c₁ad- : c₁d-		269
to empty		*c₁al- : c₁l-		269
to learn, know		*c₁an- : c₁n-		270
to take care; to watch	*c₁ew- : c₁w-			270
basket; body (with a sharp bottom)		*c₁eḳa-		270
to give; to beat, smite		*c₁-em-		270
to scratch		*c₁em-in-		271
to grow, flourish (about plants)	*c₁en- : c₁n-			271
thumb, big toe	*c₁er-		(?)	271
to crumble		*c₁ec₁-		271
to wear out		*c₁wet- : c₁wt-		271
wax	*c₁wil-		(?)	272
small insect, moth		*c₁ic₁-		272
wife	*c₁ol-			272
few, little (adv.)		*c₁oṭa-		273
to climb		*c₁oc₁-		273
besom	*c₁oc₁x-			273
to ruminate	*c₁ox-			273
to swim		*c₁ur-		273
broken branch		*c₁kip-		274
to send		*c₁kw-		274
to oil		*c₁x-		274
to burn; to scorch (of the sun)	*c₁x-			274
heat		*c₁x-e-		275
sheep		*c₁xwar-	(?)	275
nose		*c₁xwir-		275
fat, grease	*c₁xim-			276
to sneeze		*c₁xi(n)ḳ-		276
animal, animated		*c₁xow-el-		276
to save (soul)		*c₁xo(w)n-		276
nine	*c₁xra-			276
cold, chill; shivering		*c₁xro-		277
to warm; to bake		*c₁x-un-		277
kind of rat		*ʓaml-		277
to be hung (with fruits)		*ʓanʓ-		277
to take off (clothes)		*ʓarc₁w- : ʓrc₁w-		278
lime (tree)	*ʓacxw-			278
edge, brim		*ʓga-		278
to stuff (tight), drive in	*ʓgib-			278
to lie (of inanimate)	*ʓew- : ʓw-			279
simple, simpleton; silly		*ʓeḳ-		279
to add, increase		*ʓen- : ʓin-		279
to scutch (flax)		*ʓe(n)ʓ-		279
to be sated; be filled		*ʓeɣ- : ʓɣ-		280
firewood		*ʓeša-		280
fire		*ʓec₁xl-		280
to crumple, press upon		*ʓeʓg-		281
thistle, thorn (plant)		*ʓeʓ(w)-		281
to pinch, nip, tweak (large portion)		*ʓiʓg-wn-		281
to trot, jog (about walk)		*ʓunʓul-		281
breast (female)		*ʓuʓu-		281
to poison	*ʓ₁ag- : ʓ₁g-			282
sinew, string	*ʓ₁al-		(?)	282
vein, sinew		*ʓ₁arɣw-		282
dog	*ʓ₁aɣl-			283
to call, be called	*ʓ₁ax- : ʓ₁x-			283
name	*ʓ₁ax-e-			283
birch	*ʓ₁aqw-			284
to bang; to beat (against)		*ʓ₁ger-		284
to strike	*ʓ₁gwamb-		(?)	284
blackthorn, sloe		*ʓ₁egw-		284
tree, wood		*ʓ₁el-		285
kite		*ʓ₁er-		285
to lead, march at the head (of)	*ʓ₁eɣw- : ʓ₁ɣw-			285
chain		*ʓ₁ec̣₁w-		285
willow	*ʓ₁ec̣₁(w)n-		(?)	286
pouch of skin	*ʓ₁eqw-			286
to be old (of things)	*ʓ₁w-			286
decrepit, old (about things)		*ʓ₁w-el-		286
to become old	*ʓ₁w-en- : ʓ₁w-in-			286
to tremble, shiver	*ʓ₁ig-ʓ₁ig-		(?)	287
dream, sleep		*ʓ₁il-		287
to sleep, fall sleep		*ʓ₁in-		287
to look, see		*ʓ₁in-		287
root, bottom		*ʓ₁ir-		288
stump, stub		*ʓ₁ir-ḳ(w)-		288
wooden spoon	*ʓ₁ic₁x(w)-			288
fortified settlement		*ʓ₁ixe-		288
brother	*ʓ₁ma-			288
elder brother		*ʓ₁ma-did-		289
vinegar		*ʓ₁m-ar-		289
salt	*ʓ₁m(u)-			289
to load burden		*ʓ₁n-		290
to graze, pasture		*ʓ₁ow-		290
bitch, female of beasts of prey	*ʓ₁u-		(?)	290
horse-hair		*ʓ₁ua-		290
to be in heat (of animals)	*ʓ₁u(w)an- : ʓ₁u(w)n-			291
to take; to send	*ʓ₁ɣw-an- : ʓ₁ɣw-n-			291
bone	*ʓ₁ʓ₁w-al-			291
communicate, inform, announce		*c̣aw- : c̣w-		291
salted, pickled		*c̣atx-		292
moment, instant	*c̣am-		(?)	292
to bequeath, charge		*c̣am-		292
preverb of direction 'down, away, off		*c̣ar-		292
to have time; forestall; to warn		*c̣ar- : c̣r-		293
to study, to learn		*c̣ap-		293
year		*c̣el-		293
to touch		*c̣ec̣-		293
to stretch, draw		*c̣ec̣- : c̣ic̣-		294
to crack (into small pieces)		*c̣ec̣ḳ-		294
to dip		*c̣(w)-		294
to appear, be seen	*c̣w-			294
dry stem, straw	*c̣wel-			294
to see, show	*c̣w-en-			295
little, small		*c̣wl-il-		295
to squeak, cheep	*c̣i-			295
mud, dirt (on body)	*c̣id(a)-			295
to soil (oneself)		*c̣iḳw-		296
to pick (fruit, flowers)		*c̣il-		296
beech nut	*c̣ip-			296
beech		*c̣ip-l-		296
young snake		*c̣ic̣il-	(?)	297
to pinch, hack to small pieces		*c̣ic̣ḳ-wn-		297
to get cleared, refined (of sediment)		*c̣ḳand- : c̣ḳnd-		297
to exude, ooze	*c̣ḳend-			297
to split, splinter		*c̣ḳep̣-		298
twig, birch		*c̣ḳep̣-l-		298
to cut into small pieces	*c̣ḳer- : c̣ḳr-			298
to grind, clang		*c̣ḳer- : c̣ḳr-		298
to screw up, narrow eyes		*c̣ḳwar- : c̣ḳwr-		299
darkness, abyss		*c̣ḳwar-am-		299
to twist		*c̣ḳwerṭ-	(?)	299
excrement, droppings (of birds)		*c̣ḳinṭ-l-		299
flick		*c̣ḳip̣-		300
flick, fillip		*c̣ḳip̣arṭ-		300
thin stick; twig	*c̣ḳir-			300
to whine (about dog)		*c̣ḳmu-		300
calf (of leg)		*c̣mart-		300
to suck		*c̣ow-		301
to weigh		*c̣on-		301
to filter, strain		*c̣r-ed- : c̣r-id- : c̣r-d-		301
filtered, strained		*c̣red-il-		302
to twist, weave; interlace		*c̣r-ex- : c̣r-ix-		302
to cheep, peep		*c̣rip̣-		302
to become wet, be soaked with water		*c̣umb- // c̣ump̣-		302
to press, squeeze out; to flow out	*c̣ur-			303
to sink; to fall; to bend, bow		*c̣ur-		303
to suck, suck out		*c̣uc̣-wn-		303
to feel hurt (by); to resent		*c̣q̣-		303
to measure off		*c̣q̣(a)-		304
water		*c̣q̣a-		304
cherry-laurel		*c̣q̣a(w)-		304
to pinch, squeeze; to press		*c̣q̣ec̣q̣-		304
to lay; to pack, arrange	*c̣q̣w-			305
to destroy, husk		*c̣q̣w-		305
chestnut	*c̣₁abl-		(?)	305
to wish, desire	*c̣₁ad- : c̣₁d-			306
cudgel		*c̣₁at-		306
morning	*c̣₁am-			306
grass	*c̣₁am- // c̣₁em-		(?)	306
to braid, plait, weave		*c̣₁an- : c̣₁n-		307
to anger, be angry		*c̣₁ar-		307
eyebrow		*c̣₁arb-		307
to pull, stretch; to reach	*c̣₁(e)- : c̣₁(i)-			307
to glue		*c̣₁eb-		308
mistletoe, gum		*c̣₁ebo-		308
gut(s), intestines	*c̣₁el-		(?)	308
to summon, invite		*c̣₁en-	(?)	308
weed'(?)		*c̣₁enga-		309
to scratch, to depict	*c̣₁er- : c̣₁r-			309
crane		*c̣₁ero-		309
to tangle, get tangled; to string, thread		*c̣₁ec̣₁-		309
to bake, fry	*c̣₁w-			310
to run (adroitly); to exercise, train		*c̣₁wart- : c̣₁wrt-		310
to give, to serve	*c̣₁wed- : c̣₁wd-			310
to drip, drop		*c̣₁wet- : c̣₁wt-		310
drop		*c̣₁wet-		311
to milk		*c̣₁wel-		311
daily yield of milk		*c̣₁wel-a-		311
tip, point		*c̣₁wer-		311
to root out, stub out (a field)		*c̣₁wer-		312
to set, disappear (of the sun)	*c̣₁wer-			312
to rain		*c̣₁wim-		312
rain		*c̣₁wim-a-		312
to attain		*c̣₁wis₁-		313
to redden, become red		*c̣₁it-		313
red		*c̣₁it-el-		313
tiny, wee; small things		*c̣₁iḳu-		313
pus (in the eye)		*c̣₁irp̣l-		313
to twitter, chirp (about swallow)		*c̣₁irx- : c̣₁rx-		314
chick, chicken		*c̣₁ic̣₁il-		314
to interlace, twist		*c̣₁mas₁-		314
to press		*c̣₁n-		314
twig		*c̣₁n-el-		314
to press; to squeeze		*c̣₁n-ex- : c̣₁n-ix-		315
cubit, ell	*c̣₁rtxa-			315
to stretch; to reach		*c̣₁rp-		315
stretched, narrow		*c̣₁rp-el-		315
to hum, whistle	*c̣₁u-			316
copper cauldron		*c̣₁uḳ-		316
little, small		*c̣₁uḳ-		316
baby, child (male)	*c̣₁ul-			316
to purl, murmur; to stream		*c̣₁urc̣₁ul-		316
to feel sorry (for), to regret; to spare		*c̣₁q̣al-		317
to injure, be wounded, be injured		*c̣₁q̣al- : c̣₁ql-		317
oak		*c̣₁q̣an-		317
quail		*c̣₁q̣ar-		317
to curse, damn		*c̣₁q̣ew- : c̣₁q̣w-		318
to bore, pester; be tired		*c̣₁q̣en- : c̣₁q̣in-		318
to take offense (at); to be angry (with)	*c̣₁q̣er- : c̣₁q̣r-		(?)	318
to begin		*c̣₁q̣-		318
to break, tear	*c̣₁q̣wed- : c̣₁q̣wd-			319
diabetes		*c̣₁q̣urṭ-		319
to eat	*č̣am- : č̣m-			319
to hammer in, nail	*č̣ed-			320
wrought, forged		*č̣ed-il-		320
to hold; to catch	*č̣er- : čir-			320
to cut, chop, fell	*č̣er- : č̣r-			321
to cut (fine)		*č̣eč̣ḳ-		321
to crush; to squash, squeeze		*č̣eč̣q̣-		321
nit		*č̣il-		321
to need; to suffer a misfortune	*č̣ir-			322
need, plague	*č̣ir-		(?)	322
to squeak; to chirp	*č̣r-		(?)	322
cut, chopped		*č̣r-il-		322
to chirp, to squeak		*č̣rč̣in-		323
vessel		*č̣ur-		323
unripe		*č̣q̣anṭl-		323
to scream, yelp	*č̣q̣i-			323
unripe (fruit, produce)		*č̣q̣inṭl-		323
to crumple, squeeze		*c̣q̣l-		324
to press, squeeze		*č̣q̣l-ep̣ : č̣q̣l-ip̣- : č̣q̣l-p̣		324
to crumple, squeeze		*č̣q̣l-eṭ- : č̣q̣l-iṭ- : č̣q̣l-ṭ-		324
to press; to knead, crumple	*č̣q̣un-			325
to touch		*x-		325
to be among, near (smth.)		*xal- : xl-		325
to bend, bow, to be bowed		*xar- : xr-		325
to gnaw		*xar- : xr-		326
heap, pile (of stones, wood)		*xarg-		326
saw		*xarx-	(?)	326
guffaw, loud laugh		*xarxal-		326
to tear, break; crack, burst		*xetk- : xtk-	(?)	326
to break, to smash	*xep̣- : xp̣-			327
to meet	*xw-			327
male (of dog and other beasts of prey)		*xwad-		327
great number, multitude	*xwa(w)-			328
to meet; to be found	*xw-ed- : xw-d-			328
to embrace; to wind (round)		*xwe(w)-		328
to scrape	*xweṭ- : xwṭ-			328
to peel		*xwec̣- : xwc̣-		329
to gulp (down); to choke		*xwl-ep̣- : xwl-ip̣-		329
to snore		*xwr-en- : xwr-in-		329
to be glad, rejoice	*xiar-			329
pebble		*xinc̣₁ḳ-		330
to scrape		*xoḳ-		330
only		*xolo		330
to clip, shear		*xoṭr-		330
to char, to become charred; to bend, wrap (in flames)		*xr-aḳ-		331
to char, to become charred; to wrap (in flames)		*xr-eḳ- : xr-iḳ-		331
warped		*xreḳ-il-		331
to drink (with avidity)		*xrup̣-		331
snore		*xruṭ-un-		331
worse (than it)	*x-u-dar-e			332
five	*xut-			332
to fade; to lose color; to wither		*xun-		332
to press oneself (to, against)		*xuṭ-		332
older, larger		*x-u-c₁-es₁-		332
to drive in; to push	*qal- : ql-			333
skin (of legs) of sheep, goat	*qaml-			333
to plough, till	*qan- : qn-			333
bull, ox		*qar-		334
pharynx, mouth	*qarqa-			334
to close (up), to connect		*qas- : qs-		334
hand, arm	*qe-			334
to move, make movement; to bring; to go	*qed- : qid- : qd-			335
ravine		*qew-	(?)	335
to dry, wither		*qem- : qm-		335
to fell, hew		*qeč-		336
to tear to pieces; to torture	*qec₁- : qc₁-			336
flat cake, lozenge		*qweza-		336
cough, cold (in the head), running nose	*qwel-			336
to cough		*qwel-		337
to guard; to watch for; to meet		*qwemil- : qwmil-		337
to make holes, pierce; to gnaw through	*qwer- : qwr-			337
to neigh (of a horse)		*qwi-		338
to neigh (of a horse)		*qwiqwin-		338
slit, hole		*qwr-el-		338
to make holes, pierce		*qwr-eṭ- : qwr-iṭ-		338
passage, path		*qid-		338
to tear off, be torn off		*qleč- : qlič- : qlč-		339
voice, sound		*qma-		339
dry, dry hand		*qm-el-		339
flesh, meat		*qorc-		339
throat, pharynx; jaws		*qorq-		340
to sweep; to wipe		*qoc-		340
to crawl, creep		*qoq-		340
pheasant	*qoqob-			341
to corrode, be corroded; to crack, be cracked		*qrc̣₁-wn-		341
beestings		*qsen-		341
a simple verb stem with the general meaning to 'remind, to remember'		*qs₁-		341
to remind; to inform, communicate		*qs₁-en-		341
to remember		*qs₁-o(w)-		342
stocks; trap		*qund-		342
to exceed, overcome		*ʓ̌-		342
to strike softly; to trample		*ʓ̌eʓ̌g-		342
to defecate	*ʓ̌w-			343
to defecate		*ʓ̌w-am- : ʓ̌w-m-		343
stake, picket		*ʓ̌war-		343
to patch up, sew (roughly)		*ʓ̌il-		343
nettle		*ʓ̌inč̣ar-		344
ant		*ʓ̌inč̣wel-		344
to tear; nip, pinch (roughly)		*ʓ̌iʓ̌g-wn-		344
black thrush		*ʓ̌iʓ̌ɣ-		344
to crumple		*ʓ̌ɣ(w)l-em- : ʓ̌ɣ(w)l-im-		345