Appendix:Proto-Palaungic reconstructions

The following list of 885 reconstructed Proto-Palaungic forms is from Sidwell (2015).

Full list of reconstructions

No.	Gloss	Proto-Palaungic
1.	we (dual)	*ʔaːj
2.	crow	*kə(l)ʔaːk
3.	bow, crossbow	*ʔaːk
4.	crow	*ʔaːk
5.	molar	*ʔaːm
6.	wasp	*kəʔaːɲ
7.	sky	*-ʔaːŋ
8.	open (mouth)	*ʔaːŋ
9.	bone	*cəʔaːŋ
10.	bone	*cənʔaːŋ
11.	stone	*rəʔaːŋ
12.	two	*ləʔaːr
13.	sour	*səʔaːr
14.	speak	*rəʔah
15.	he, she, it	*ʔan
16.	be	*ʔan
17.	dark	*ʔap
18.	swell	*ʔas
19.	poison	*ʔɔ/ɤm
20.	cough	*kənʔɔ/ok
21.	three	*ləʔɔːj
22.	thorn	*pəʔɔːk
23.	pungent	*ʔɔːm
24.	hornet	*ʔɔːŋ
25.	lead	*ʔɔːr
26.	swell	*ʔɔːs
27.	wipe	*ʔɔːt
28.	I, me	*ʔɔːʔ
29.	we (pl. incl.)	*ʔɛʔ
30.	give, take	*ʔe(ː)h
31.	all, out of	*ʔɤc
32.	cloud	*pəʔɤːm
33.	he, she, it	*ʔɤːn
34.	rotten	*ʔɤm
35.	warm	*cəʔɤm
36.	warm	*cəʔɤ/uːr
37.	stop, refrain	*ʔɤt
38.	hiccough	*-ʔɤʔ
39.	armpit	*ʔiək
40.	chicken	*ʔiɛr
41.	alive, raw	*ʔiːm
42.	centipede	*-ʔiːp
43.	person, other(s)	*ʔiːʔ
44.	water	*ʔoːm
45.	tears	*ʔoːm-ŋaːj
46.	chest	*cəʔoːŋ
47.	crow	*rəʔoːʔ
48.	stink	*ʔu/oːj
49.	place, put	*ʔuːn
50.	loud noise	*ʔuːs
51.	smell (receive and emit)	*ʔuːs
52.	cloud, vapor	*ʔuːt
53.	one person	*ʔuːʔ
54.	hornet	*-ʔɔːr
55.	ride	*ba/ɔk
56.	tray, dish	*baːn
57.	goat	*bɛʔ
58.	slap	*bah
59.	time	*bɤn
60.	chew	*ɓaːm
61.	paddy rice	*ɓaːʔ
62.	small	*ɓac
63.	bamboo shoots	*ɓaŋ
64.	flying ant	*ɓa/ɤr
65.	grass	*ɓat
66.	carry on back	*ɓɔːʔ
67.	spider	*ɓeːŋ
68.	clothes	*-ɓeʔ
69.	millet, Job's tears	*səɓeʔ
70.	spit	*ɓəc
71.	get, obtain	*ɓɤːn
72.	thick	*kəɓɤl
73.	hole, cavity	*ɓɤŋ
74.	lip	*-ɓɤr
75.	carry on head/back	*ɓɤs
76.	tear apart	*ɓiɛk
77.	suck in mouth	*ɓiɛt
78.	faint	*ɓil
79.	forget	*ɓiːl
80.	sticky	*ɓiːt
81.	stop up	*ɓiːt
82.	person	*ɓiːʔ
83.	ash, dust	*-ɓoːh
84.	dipper, ladle	*ɓoːj
85.	pierce	*ɓoːk
86.	evening	*ɓoːr
87.	younger sibling	*ɓoːʔ
88.	friend	*ɓoːʔ
89.	lick, suck	*ɓuːc
90.	fenced garden	*-ɓuːm
91.	hold in mouth	*ɓuːm
92.	foam, scum	*ɓuːs
93.	breast	*ɓuːʔ
94.	spirit, soul	*ɓuːʔ
95.	bubble, foam	*ɓVːj
96.	bean	*rəɓaːj
97.	bore, chisel	*caːc
98.	sated	*caːk
99.	elephant	*caːŋ
100.	handspan	*caːr
101.	grasshopper	*caːr
102.	comb	*caːt
103.	morning (time to eat)	*caːʔ
104.	cut up	*cɛt
105.	below, outside	*cɛh
106.	door	*-caŋ
107.	joint	*-caŋ
108.	shut	*caŋ
109.	civet	*car
110.	red ant	*cɔːʔ
111.	salt	*cɔːk
112.	flow swiftly	*cɔːr
113.	dog	*cɔːʔ
114.	gore, chisel	*cɔk
115.	night	*cɤːm
116.	wake	*-cɤh
117.	plant	*cɤ/am
118.	pick up, collect	*cɤt
119.	chop, split	*ciɛk
120.	insert, place between	*ciɛp
121.	bird	*ciːm
122.	cooked, ripe	*ciːn
123.	head louse	*ciːʔ
124.	pour	*cuːr
125.	grandchild	*cuːʔ
126.	sick, pain	*cuːʔ
127.	sickle	*kənɟaːn
128.	comb	*ɟaːs
129.	heavy	*kəɟan
130.	leak; sap	*ɟar
131.	tasteless	*ɟat
132.	basket	*ɟɔːr
133.	fall, drop	*ɟɔːt
134.	poison (of snakes)	*-ɟɔːɁ
135.	bewitch	*ɟɔːʔ
136.	tip, point	*ɟɔk
137.	follow	*ɟɔm
138.	soft	*ɟəːm
139.	light weight	*ɟɤːl
140.	foot, leg	*ɟɤːŋ
141.	distant	*ɟɤh
142.	buy	*ɟɤh/s
143.	sleepy	*ɟ/ʄɤk
144.	low	*ɟɤm
145.	stand	*ɟɤŋ
146.	shiver, shake	*ɟɤs
147.	cultivate	*ɟiɛk
148.	do, make	*ɟiːʔ
149.	sew	*ɟiŋ
150.	bad	*ɟoːɁ
151.	perch, stay	*ɟuh
152.	spit	*ɟuh
153.	rain	*ɟuŋ
154.	descend	*ɟuːr
155.	wipe	*ɟuːt
156.	send, lead	*ɟVn
157.	seed, kernel	*ʄak
158.	shoulder	*ʄak-paʔ
159.	straight	*kəʄaŋ
160.	sneeze	*-ʄa/əs
161.	chisel, pierce	*ʄɔ/oːh
162.	tear	*ʄiɛs
163.	kick	*-ʄoːh
164.	outer ear	*ʄoːr
165.	put on, wear	*ʄup
166.	ashamed	*kəce/ɛʔ
167.	lightning	*kərcaːs
168.	knife	*təcɔːs
169.	bitter	*ʦaŋ
170.	charcoal	*kəʦas
171.	clench fist, handful	*ʦɔp
172.	astringent	*ʦik
173.	hand span	*ʦoːp
174.	grass	*da(ː)k
175.	palm, sole	*-daːk
176.	large	*daːŋ
177.	duck	*daːʔ
178.	cross, ford	*daŋ
179.	copper/bronze	*dɔːŋ
180.	short, low	*diɛm
181.	middle	*-diːʔ
182.	all gone	*doːc
183.	long	*doːŋ
184.	lips	*doːr
185.	armpit	*kəldoːʔ
186.	incubate	*duːm
187.	silk	*cədu(ː)ʔ
188.	pus	*ɗ/luːm
189.	near	*ɗa/eʔ
190.	fry	*ɗaːk
191.	wilderness	*ɗaːk
192.	covering	*-nɗa(ː)p
193.	span (thumb to little finger)	*-ɗaːʔ
194.	shallow	*ɗɛ/ɤl
195.	give	*ɗɛh
196.	arrow	*ɗɛj
197.	forehead	*kəɗah
198.	lodge	*ɗam
199.	cover	*ɗap
200.	dam	*dap
201.	pass (through)	*ɗat
202.	alcohol	*kəɗaw
203.	gourd bottle	*tərɗɔŋ
204.	cluck, cackle	*kəɗɔt
205.	road, way	*-ɗeːŋ
206.	uncle	*ɗeːŋ
207.	cook	*ɗɤŋ
208.	nose	*kəɗɤːʔ
209.	belly	*kəɗɤl
210.	hill	*ɗɤr
211.	small	*ɗiɛt
212.	bamboo container	*ɗi(ː)ŋ
213.	big	*ɗiːŋ
214.	navel	*kərɗi(ː)ŋ
215.	one, alone	*diːʔ
216.	self; reflexive	*ɗiːʔ
217.	burst	*pəɗoːh
218.	corner	*-ɗoːk
219.	heel	*kənɗoːl
220.	end, finish	*ɗoːt
221.	plantain, banana	*kəɗoːʔ
222.	fall down	*-ɗo/uh
223.	run away	*ɗu/ɔːʔ
224.	cover	*ɗuː/ɔp
225.	take, bring	*ɗuːj
226.	ripe	*kɗuːm
227.	cut up/out	*ɡa/ip
228.	break	*ɡaːc
229.	house	*ɡaːŋ
230.	clamp	*ɡaːp
231.	wrap	*ɡaː(r)
232.	they (two)	*ɡaːr
233.	thin (animate)	*rəɡaːʔ
234.	hatch, be born	*ɡɛh
235.	they (two)	*ɡɛʔ
236.	bite	*ɡak
237.	cook, boil	*ɡaŋ
238.	burn	*ɡat
239.	slow	*ɡɔːj
240.	mountain	*ɡɔːŋ
241.	stalk	*ɡɔːŋ
242.	friend; relative	*ɡɔːʔ
243.	grub, worm	*ɡɔŋ
244.	ridge (of nose)	*ɡɔŋ
245.	help	*ɡɔr
246.	ear (of grain)	*-ɡɔr
247.	old	*ɡɔt
248.	pine (tree)	*-ɡeʔ
249.	wear (clothes)	*ɡɤp
250.	pick, pinch	*ɡɤ/ɔt
251.	pillow	*-ɡɤːŋ
252.	coals	*rəŋɡɤːʔ
253.	enough	*ɡɤp
254.	tickle	*ɡɔːk-ɡiɛk
255.	hold, clasp	*ɡiɛm
256.	grip	*ɡiɛp
257.	bite, scratch	*ɡiɛt
258.	they	*ɡiːʔ
259.	hornbill	*ɡoːk
260.	above	*ɡoːl
261.	blaze	*ɡuh
262.	burn (tr.)	*ɡuːc
263.	finger	*-ɡuːl
264.	point	*cəɡuːl
265.	winnow	*ɡuːm
266.	enter; push in	*ɡuːt
267.	all, finished	*haːc
268.	time	*phaːn
269.	yawn	*haːp
270.	climb	*haːw
271.	stuck (in throat)	*hak
272.	grow, become long	*han
273.	finished	*hɔːc
274.	whistle	*hɔːc
275.	marrow	*hɔːkc(ən)ʔaːŋ
276.	flow	*hɔːr
277.	take out, reveal	*hɤj
278.	go	*hɤl
279.	climb	*hoːk
280.	skin, hide	*huːr
281.	moon, month	*kheʔ
282.	wash	*khoːc
283.	lungs	*mhoːk
284.	brave, to dare	*jaːk
285.	weep	*jaːm
286.	female	*-jaːŋ
287.	we (two)	*jaːr
288.	destroy	*jah
289.	die	*jam
290.	kill	*pjam
291.	grandmother	*jaʔ
292.	woman	*kəm/njaʔ
293.	carry, lift	*jɔ/oːŋ
294.	good	*jɔːŋ
295.	see	*jɔːt
296.	afraid	*jɔːʔ
297.	moderate, easy	*jɔːʔ
298.	do	*jɤ/ɔh
299.	light weight	*jɤːŋ
300.	see	*jɤːʔ
301.	raise, lift	*jɤk
302.	meat	*jɤŋ
303.	wave, beckon	*jɤp
304.	extinguish	*jɤt
305.	slice	*cjɛt
306.	yawn	*ʰjaːp
307.	ear	*ʰjoːk
308.	extinguish (causative)	*pjɤt
309.	hundred	*prjah
310.	rainbow	*brjɔ(ː)ŋ
311.	sambhur deer	*tjaːk
312.	we (pl. excl.)	*ˀjɛ/eːʔ
313.	sleep	*ˀjɛt
314.	excrement	*ˀjaŋ
315.	drunk	*ˀjɤc
316.	village	*ˀjɤːŋ
317.	wink, blink	*(kən)ˀjiɛp
318.	female	*ka/ɤn
319.	cooked rice	*kaːj
320.	branch	*kaːk
321.	chaff, bran	*səkaːm
322.	chin, jaw	*kaːp
323.	untie	*kah
324.	measure	*kal
325.	enough	*kap
326.	time, occasion	*kap
327.	tortoise	*kap-kap
328.	cold	*kat
329.	sick, feverish	*kat
330.	fish	*kaʔ
331.	hot	*kɔc
332.	millet	*səkɔːj
333.	choke	*k(ʔ)ɔːk⁵¹
334.	call, crow	*kɔːk
335.	grasp	*kɔːm
336.	child	*kɔːn
337.	neck	*kɔːŋ
338.	elbow	*kɔːŋ
339.	carry on shoulder	*kɔːt
340.	neck	*kɔːʔ
341.	handle of tool	*kɔk
342.	carry	*kɔk
343.	together	*kɔm
344.	hold	*kɔŋ
345.	cover	*kɔp
346.	strong	*kɔr
347.	thorn	*kɤ/at
348.	ten	*kɤːl
349.	dig	*kɤːŋ
350.	porcupine	*-ŋkɤːs
351.	wake, get up	*kɤh
352.	muddy	*cəkɤl
353.	fell (trees)	*kɤl
354.	vulva	*kiɛl
355.	cucumber	*təkiɛl
356.	finger	*-kiɛn
357.	snip	*kiɛp
358.	moon	*kiɛr
359.	mountain goat	*kiɛs
360.	head	*kiŋ
361.	throat	*koː/ɔk
362.	cut off	*koːh
363.	lizard	*-koːj
364.	peacock	*koːŋ
365.	husked rice	*rəŋkoːʔ
366.	settled area	*kuːŋ
367.	bend	*kuːn
368.	father	*kuːɲ
369.	wind, air	*kuːr
370.	body	*kuːʔ
371.	pigeon, dove	*-kuːʔ
372.	sleep, to laze	*laːc
373.	each, other	*-laːj
374.	squirrel	*-laj
375.	fruit-bat	*-laːk
376.	go (on foot)	*lan
377.	planet	*kərlaːŋ
378.	burn (tr.)	*laːs
379.	slice	*lah
380.	trade	*laj
381.	good	*lak
382.	hoe, hammer	*lak
383.	sharp	*lam
384.	black	*laŋ
385.	beat	*las
386.	pass by/through	*-lɔːn
387.	boat	*-lɔːŋ
388.	earthworm	*lɔːr
389.	draw out	*lɔːt
390.	snail	*-lɔːʔ
391.	flash	*lak-lɔk
392.	exit	*le/ih
393.	pig	*-leːk
394.	wheel	*-leːŋ
395.	take, hold	*leːʔ
396.	boil	*rəla/ɤk
397.	swallow	*-lə/at
398.	on, above	*lɤːŋ
399.	froth	*-lɤk
400.	wrap	*lɤm
401.	waist	*liɛm
402.	young	*liɛŋ
403.	lick	*liɛt
404.	muddy	*-loːɁ
405.	eggplant/gourd	*-luŋ
406.	jump	*-luŋ
407.	take off	*luːc
408.	tadpole	*luːl
409.	rest	*rəluːʔ
410.	firefly	*lVŋ
411.	enter	*lVp
412.	tasteless	*bleʔ
413.	exchange	*blɤk
414.	spear	*bliɛs
415.	thigh	*bluːʔ
416.	thorn	*claːʔ
417.	rain	*cleːʔ
418.	return	*ɡlaːj
419.	blind	*ʰlɛp
420.	flow	*ʰlaj
421.	leaf	*ʰlaʔ
422.	pass	*-ʰlɔːh
423.	slip, be unfastened	*ʰlɔːr
424.	long, high	*ʰlɤːŋ
425.	dive	*ʰlɤm
426.	arrive, obtain	*ʰloːh
427.	inundate	*ʰluːp
428.	deaf	*ʰluːt
429.	shut	*kəʰlap
430.	thread	*kəʰlɔr
431.	hawk, kite, eagle	*klaːŋ
432.	carry on shoulder	*klam
433.	testicles	*klaw
434.	banana	*klɔːj
435.	seed	*kəlɔːŋ
436.	drum	*klɔːŋ
437.	bark (tree)	*klɔːʔ
438.	river	*klɔŋ
439.	penis	*kleʔ
440.	python	*klɤn
441.	fat (adj.)	*klɤɲ
442.	protrude	*(k)liɛr
443.	slippery	*kliɛt
444.	metal bell	*kliːŋ
445.	belly; middle	*kluːŋ
446.	side, direction	*plaːk
447.	open (eyes etc.)	*plaːk
448.	bright	*plaːŋ
449.	shoulder	*-plaːŋ
450.	spread (mat)	*plaːs
451.	blade	*plaːʔ
452.	needle	*-lac
453.	wheel, spindle	*plɛʔ
454.	flat	*plah
455.	thatching-grass	*plaŋ
456.	burst	*plɔk
457.	sky	*pleːŋ
458.	swallow (bird)	*pleːŋ
459.	set free	*ple(ː)h
460.	leech (land)	*plɤːm
461.	beeswax	*plɤm
462.	fruit	*pliːʔ
463.	dove	*ploːj
464.	salt	*bluːʔ
465.	enter	*ˀlac
466.	float, swim	*ˀlɔːj
467.	long time	*ˀleːŋ
468.	thin	*ˀleːr
469.	fat, grease	*l(əʔ)oːs
470.	sand	*smaːc
471.	widow	*kəmaːj
472.	seed grain	*cəmaːl
473.	ask	*smaːɲ
474.	possess	*maːŋ
475.	wind, sky	*-maːʔ
476.	cheek	*cəmaːʔ
477.	elder (sibling)	*maj
478.	roll	*mar
479.	borrow/lend	*-maʔ
480.	insect	*maʔ
481.	mother	*maʔ
482.	what, who	*mɔ/ɤːʔ
483.	mouth	*mɔːɲ
484.	swallow	*mɔːŋ
485.	banana	*rəmɔːs
486.	weevil	*-mɔːt
487.	fell, cut down	*mɔk
488.	cheek	*mɔk
489.	hat	*smɔk
490.	hill	*mɔl
491.	hear; to listen	*smɔŋ
492.	male	*-meːʔ
493.	new	*-meːʔ
494.	sugarcane	*-meːʔ
495.	mother	*meʔ
496.	dust	*mɤ/uːl
497.	crawl	*mɤːr
498.	dream	*rəmɤːʔ
499.	vine, cord	*smɤːʔ
500.	cattle	*mɤk
501.	roll	*-mɤl
502.	daughter-in-law	*kəmɤn
503.	pregnant	*-mɤr
504.	bamboo flooring	*rəmɤs
505.	gall, bile	*kəmɤt
506.	catch	*smɤt
507.	tea	*miɛm
508.	cat	*miɛw
509.	yellow; turmeric	*rəmiːt
510.	you (singular)	*miːʔ
511.	one	*moːh
512.	daughter-in-law	*moːj
513.	dibble	*moːl
514.	mouth	*-moːm
515.	stone	*cəmoːʔ
516.	grave	*-muːc
517.	ant	*smuːc
518.	pimple	*muːn
519.	name	*muːs
520.	nose	*muːs
521.	fragrant; to smell	*cəmuːʔ
522.	swidden field	*ˀmaːr
523.	hide (self)	*ˀmɔːʔ
524.	axe	*ˀmɤːj
525.	round	*ˀmɤl
526.	star	*səˀmɤɲ
527.	love	*ˀmɤs
528.	cough	*ˀmoːk
529.	vein, sinew	*cənaːk
530.	blood	*snaːm
531.	army, war	*naːɲ
532.	beads	*snaːŋ
533.	comb	*cənaːs
534.	buffalo	*mənaːʔ
535.	between	*cənaːʔ
536.	that	*nɛɁ
537.	boil	*cənam
538.	spirit	*kərnam
539.	know	*nap
540.	young man	*cənaw
541.	heart	*nɔːs
542.	cough	*cənɔk
543.	this (prox.)	*nɔʔ
544.	rat, mouse	*kəneːʔ
545.	this	*neʔ
546.	herb, medicine	*cənɤ/am
547.	thunder	*-nɤm
548.	incubate	*nɤm
549.	year	*cənɤm
550.	hill	*pənɤm
551.	above	*nɤŋ
552.	press	*niːt
553.	full	*noːk
554.	urine	*nuːm
555.	mouth	*-nuːs
556.	kill	*ŋa/ih
557.	far	*cəŋaːj
558.	green	*cəŋaːl
559.	sweet	*ŋaːm
560.	know	*ŋaːn
561.	yawn	*sŋaːp
562.	itch	*ŋaːʔ
563.	sesame	*ləŋaːʔ
564.	speak	*ŋɛ/eːʔ
565.	fire	*ŋal
566.	hold	*ŋan
567.	knife (iron?)	*rəŋɔ/aŋ
568.	price	*ŋɔːs
569.	hungry	*ŋɔːt
570.	paddy rice	*sŋɔːʔ
571.	swim	*ŋɔj
572.	hit	*ŋe(ː)h
573.	stump	*-ŋɤl
574.	stupid	*-ŋɤl
575.	soak	*ŋɤm
576.	still, quiet	*ŋɤ/at
577.	nod	*ŋi(ː)l
578.	day	*ŋiːʔ
579.	sun	*cəŋiːʔ
580.	morning	*ŋuː/ɔp
581.	groan	*sŋuːr
582.	cold	*ŋVŋ
583.	eye	*ˀŋaːj
584.	dry up/out	*ˀŋat
585.	nod (head)	*ˀŋɔk
586.	clean	*cəˀŋaːʔ
587.	clear, clean	*cəˀŋam
588.	laugh	*kəɲaːs
589.	house	*ɲaːʔ
590.	wet	*ɲac
591.	caterpillar	*ɲaŋ
592.	put in/on	*ɲaŋ
593.	waist	*ɲɔːj
594.	suck	*ɲɔːk
595.	young	*kəɲɔːm
596.	needle	*pəɲeːʔ
597.	sweet, tasty	*ɲɤːm
598.	bear, endure	*ɲɤn
599.	hair	*ɲuːk
600.	suckle	*ɲuʔ
601.	wet	*ʰɲaːk
602.	difficult	*ʰɲaːp
603.	sticky	*(ʰ)ɲɤk
604.	chair	*paːŋ
605.	you (two)	*paːr
606.	father	*p/baːʔ
607.	pointed	*pa/ɤc
608.	pick, gather	*pɛh
609.	mortar	*pal
610.	wrap	*par
611.	hit, slap	*pɔːh
612.	calf of leg	*pɔːs
613.	rub, smear	*pɔːt
614.	bamboo	*cəpɔːʔ
615.	tuber	*pɔŋ
616.	grind, pound	*pe/ih
617.	you (plural)	*pɛʔ
618.	father-in-law, uncle	*pɤːʔ
619.	open	*pɤh
620.	break (intr.)	*pɤk
621.	woman	*pɤn
622.	shoot	*pɤɲ
623.	fly	*pɤr
624.	pick, pinch	*pɤt
625.	tooth	*piɛŋ
626.	winnowing tray	*piɛr
627.	squeeze	*piɛt
628.	pumpkin	*-piːr
629.	broom	*-piːs
630.	sweep	*piːs
631.	flower	*po/uːh
632.	shadow	*-poːj
633.	four	*poːn
634.	barking deer	*poːs
635.	break, snap	*poːt
636.	take out with hand	*poːɁ
637.	dream	*-mpoːʔ
638.	bridge	*-puk
639.	hill	*puk
640.	bury	*kərpuːŋ
641.	undress	*puːc
642.	bamboo rat	*kəpuːj
643.	seven	*təpuːl
644.	blow	*puːt
645.	spread out (to dry)	*raːj
646.	termite	*raːk
647.	shout, call out	*raːk
648.	borrow, lend	*ra(ː)m
649.	decay	*raːm
650.	flower	*raːŋ
651.	light	*raːŋ
652.	scatter	*raj
653.	take, catch	*rap
654.	drop off	*ras
655.	choose	*ras
656.	sky	*-raw
657.	steal	*-raʔ
658.	intestines	*rɔːc
659.	leak, drip	*rɔːc
660.	sharpen	*rɔːc
661.	bark	*-rɔːh
662.	mole (on skin)	*rɔːj
663.	housefly	*rɔːj
664.	borrow	*rɔ(ː)m
665.	gather	*rɔːm
666.	ditch, channel	*rɔːŋ
667.	sprinkle	*-rɔːs
668.	tighten (knot, rope)	*rɔːt
669.	get up	*rɔj
670.	frog	*rɔk
671.	post, pole	*-rɔŋ
672.	wall	*rɔŋ
673.	wrap	*-rɔp
674.	pestle	*-reʔ
675.	pull out	*rɤc
676.	search	*rɤh
677.	horn	*-rɤŋ
678.	study, learn	*riɛn
679.	wasp	*-riɛŋ
680.	root	*riɛs
681.	grass	*riːp
682.	cricket	*-riːt
683.	pour	*-ruːk
684.	forest	*ru/oːk
685.	drizzle	*ruːj
686.	together	*ruːm
687.	fishing net	*ruːp
688.	turtle	*ruːs
689.	shrink, tighten	*ruːt
690.	village	*-ruʔ
691.	steal	*-braːɁ
692.	portion of food	*braːʔ
693.	plague	*braɲ
694.	maggot	*breʔ
695.	ladle	*brɤk
696.	forest	*briːʔ
697.	sky	*briːʔ
698.	tall, high	*ɟərɔŋ
699.	skinny	*ɟreːl
700.	gold	*criːl
701.	fig, Ficus	*ɟriːʔ
702.	deep	*ɟruːʔ
703.	scales	*ɡ/kriɛk
704.	grind	*ɡriːt
705.	knee	*ɡroːŋ
706.	maggot	*ʰraːc
707.	itch	*ʰraw
708.	bamboo	*ʰrɤŋ
709.	seize	*ʰriːm
710.	drink	*ʰruːp
711.	grind, nash	*kra/əc
712.	veranda	*kraːs
713.	road, way	*kraːʔ
714.	back	*krɔːŋ
715.	bear	*kreːs
716.	break, collapse	*krɤp
717.	count	*krɤs
718.	apply, smear on	*kriːʔ
719.	granary	*kroːr
720.	drum	*kruːŋ
721.	under	*kruːm
722.	rake	*kruːs
723.	horse	*mraŋ
724.	body louse	*mrɤɲ
725.	ant/termite	*ŋruːɲ
726.	mosquito	*-praːŋ
727.	depart	*praːs
728.	sparrow	*pərac
729.	squirrel	*prɔːk
730.	agree	*prɔːm
731.	wolf	*-prɔk
732.	equal, level	*-pre/iŋ
733.	side; ribs	*prɤːk
734.	hail	*priɛl
735.	fat, oil	*priɛŋ
736.	old	*priːm
737.	thin	*sraːj
738.	cut, snip	*sraːj
739.	tooth	*sraːŋ
740.	thousand	*sreːŋ
741.	swidden field	*sreʔ
742.	taro	*səroːɁ
743.	lead (metal)	*traːk
744.	buffalo	*traːk
745.	hit	*t.rɔːʔ
746.	correct	*trɔːʔ
747.	fallow	*triːʔ
748.	forehead	*-ˀra/ɛl
749.	wash, drench	*ˀrat
750.	noise, cry	*ˀrɔːʔ
751.	fig	*ˀrɤs
752.	sand	*-saːc
753.	bee, wasp	*saːj
754.	skin, peel	*saːk
755.	wash, scour	*pəsaːk
756.	splash	*kəsac
757.	five	*pəsan
758.	air	*sʋar
759.	transfix	*sɔːr
760.	know	*-sɔŋ
761.	wood, tree	*kəseʔ
762.	vomit	*sɤːl
763.	breath, heart	*pəsɤːm
764.	sated	*sɤk
765.	fart	*sɤm
766.	snake	*pəsɤɲ
767.	thick	*kəsɤt
768.	sated, full	*sVʔ
769.	bee	*pəsiɛr
770.	claw, nail	*rəmsiːm
771.	vein, tendon	*siːʔ
772.	rope, string	*-siːʔ
773.	steamer	*-soːŋ
774.	steam (rice)	*soːŋ
775.	hair	*suk
776.	sting	*suːc
777.	give birth	*suːm
778.	nest	*-suːm
779.	bathe	*suːm
780.	bag	*suːr
781.	emit smell	*suːt
782.	bee	*suːt
783.	rub, wipe	*suːt
784.	soak	*ta/əm
785.	tongue	*-taːk
786.	crab	*kətaːm
787.	weave	*taːɲ
788.	thin	*ta(ː)ŋ
789.	prawn, shrimp	*-taːs
790.	warm (by fire, sun)	*taːt
791.	eight	*taːʔ
792.	wash (head)	*-taːʔ
793.	right (side)	*tam
794.	egg	*kətam
795.	roast	*taŋ
796.	brain, forehead	*kətaŋ
797.	fathom	*tap
798.	grandfather	*taʔ
799.	tail	*sntaʔ
800.	hive (insect)	*kətɔ/ɤːl
801.	hold, carry	*tɔ/un
802.	slash	*tɔːh
803.	six	*tɔːl
804.	liver	*kətɔːm
805.	ladder, stair	*tɔ(ː)ŋ
806.	stem, section	*tɔːŋ
807.	follow	*tɔj
808.	pluck	*tɔk
809.	boil (food)	*tɔŋ
810.	roast	*tɔŋ
811.	earth	*kəteːʔ
812.	thunder	*tɤ/as
813.	sell	*təc
814.	smoke	*tɤːʔ
815.	join together	*-tɤj
816.	pull out	*tɤk
817.	trunk of plant	*tɤŋ
818.	bury	*tɤp
819.	torn	*tɤt
820.	at	*taʔ
821.	hammer	*tiɛm
822.	drink	*tiɛŋ
823.	nine	*tiːm
824.	wall	*ti(ː)ŋ
825.	mushroom	*tiːs
826.	anus; to fart	*tiːt
827.	hand, arm	*tiːʔ
828.	pound	*toːh
829.	send, give	*toːl
830.	ear	*toːr
831.	arrive	*tuh
832.	tie	*tuk
833.	light, ignite	*tuŋ
834.	drum	*cətuŋ
835.	explode	*-tuː/ɔːh
836.	breast	*tuːs
837.	foodstuffs	*tuːʔ
838.	hole	*-tuːʔ
839.	inside	*tuːʔ
840.	wash	*tuːʔ
841.	that (dist.)	*tVj
842.	fell tree	*tVɲ
843.	rock, sway	*ʋa/ɛt
844.	pass, overtake	*ʋa/ək
845.	knife, sword	*ʋaːc
846.	borrow	*ʋaːj
847.	insect, worm	*ʋaːk
848.	boundary	*ʋaːr
849.	go	*ʋaːʔ
850.	left (side)	*-ʋeʔ
851.	wide	*ʋah
852.	stir	*kʋaj
853.	woodpecker	*-ʋaw
854.	curved, bent	*ʋɔk
855.	hook	*ʋɔk
856.	reap, harvest	*ʋɔk
857.	return	*ʋiː/eŋ
858.	wander	*ʋɤ/er
859.	reap, harvest	*ʋɤc
860.	stir	*ʋɤl
861.	knife, sword	*ʋiɛk
862.	wander	*ʋiɛŋ
863.	avoid, turn away	*ʋiɛr
864.	repay	*ʋiɛt
865.	wring	*ʋiɛt
866.	wrinkled, crooked	*-ʋiɛt
867.	confused, forget	*-ʋi(ː)l
868.	return	*ʋiːr
869.	year; long time	*ʋiːt
870.	sickle	*cəʋɔk
871.	wither	*ʰʋiɛt
872.	beat (with stick)	*sʋiɛt
873.	beckon	*kʋaːc
874.	scrape, shave	*kʋat
875.	above, upper part	*kʋɤj
876.	fig tree	*ləŋʋaːʔ
877.	tiger	*rəʋaːj
878.	door	*rəʋaːʔ
879.	sour fig	*rəʋɔj
880.	monkey	*sʋaʔ
881.	hearth	*təʋaːŋ
882.	bracken fern	*təʋaːʔ
883.	Wa people	*ˀʋaːʔ
884.	abdomen	*ˀʋac
885.	throw	*ˀʋɤr

Selected reconstructions by semantic category

The following list of Proto-Palaungic reconstructions by semantic category is from Sidwell (2015: 100-111).

Personal pronouns

	singular	dual	plural
1st person (inclusive)	*ʔɔːʔ	*ʔaːj	*ʔɛʔ
1st person (exclusive)	-	*jaːr	*ˀjɛ/eːʔ
2nd person	*miːʔ	*paːr	*pɛʔ
3rd person	*ʔan; *ʔɤːn	*gaːr, *gɛʔ	*giːʔ

Demonstratives

• *nɔʔ ‘this (prox.)’
• *neʔ ‘this’
• *tVj ‘that (dist.)’

Numerals

• *diːʔ ‘one, alone’
• *moːh ‘one’
• *ləʔaːr ‘two’
• *ləʔɔːj ‘three’
• *poːn ‘four’
• *pəsan ‘five’
• *tɔːl ‘six’
• *təpuːl ‘seven’
• *taːʔ ‘eight’
• *tiːm ‘nine’
• *kɤːl ‘ten’

Cereal cultivation

• *sŋɔːʔ ‘paddy rice’
• *-gɔr ‘ear (of grain)’
• *rəŋkoːʔ ‘husked rice’
• *ɓaːʔ ‘paddy rice’ (restricted distribution)
• *səkɔːj ‘millet’
• *səɓeʔ ‘millet, Job’s tears’
• *soːŋ ‘to steam (rice)’
• *səkaːm ‘chaff, bran’
• *cəmaːl ‘seed grain’
• *kənɟaːn ‘sickle’
• *ʋɔk ‘hook’ / ‘to reap, harvest’
• *ʋɤc ‘to reap, harvest’
• *moːl ‘to dibble’
• *ˀmaːr ‘swidden field’
• *ɟiək ‘to cultivate’
• *guːm ‘to winnow’
• *piɛr ‘winnowing tray’
• *kroːr ‘granary’

Agriculture and village economy

• *pɔŋ ‘tuber’
• *rəɓaːj ‘bean’
• *kəlɔːŋ ‘seed’
• *cəmaːl ‘seed’
• *ləŋaːʔ ‘sesame’
• *t.kiəl ‘cucumber’
• *miəm ‘tea’
• *-meːʔ ‘sugar’
• *səroːɁ ‘taro’
• *-piːr ‘pumpkin’
• *-luŋ ‘eggplant/gourd’
• *tərɗɔŋ ‘gourd bottle’
• *rəŋɔ/aŋ ‘knife (iron?)’
• *ɓoːj ‘dipper, ladle’
• *kɔk ‘handle of tool’
• *lak ‘to hoe, hammer’
• *tiəm ‘to hammer’
• *bliɛs ‘spear’
• *plaːʔ ‘blade’
• *kliːŋ ‘metal bell’
• *kruːŋ ‘drum’
• *klɔːŋ ‘drum’
• *cətuŋ ‘drum’
• *-ɓeʔ ‘clothes’
• *-gɤːŋ ‘pillow’
• *təcɔːs ‘knife’
• *ʋaːc ‘knife, sword’
• *-lac ‘needle’ (< ‘insert’)
• *pəɲeːʔ ‘needle’
• *ɟiŋ ‘to sew’
• *cəduːʔ ‘silk’
• *-siːʔ ‘rope, string’
• *ruːp ‘fishing net’
• *ɟɔːr ‘basket’
• *ɗi(ː)ŋ ‘bamboo container’
• *baːn ‘tray’
• *suːr ‘bag’

Fruits and plant products

• *ɟriːʔ ‘fig, Ficus’
• *pliːʔ ‘fruit’
• *ləŋʋaːʔ ‘fig tree’
• *klɔːj ‘banana’
• *rəmɔːs ‘banana’
• *kəɗoːʔ ‘plantain, banana’
• *rəʋɔj ‘sour fig’
• *ˀrɤs ‘fig’
• *cɤ/am ‘to plant’
• *cənɤ/am ‘herb, medicine’
• *ˀjɤc ‘drunk’
• *smɤːʔ ‘vine, cord’

Domesticated animals

• *bɛʔ ‘goat’
• *cɔːʔ ‘dog’
• *-leːk ‘pig’
• *mraŋ ‘horse’
• *miɛw ‘cat’
• *mɤk ‘cattle’
• *mənaːʔ ‘buffalo’
• *traːk ‘buffalo’
• *ʔiɛr ‘chicken’
• *daːʔ ‘duck’
• *koːŋ ‘peacock’

Housing and infrastructure

• *gaːŋ ‘house’
• *rɔŋ ‘wall’
• *təʋaːŋ ‘hearth’
• *rəmɤs ‘bamboo flooring’
• *tɔ(ː)ŋ ‘ladder, stair’
• *plaŋ ‘thatching-grass’ (Imperata cylindrica)
• *-rɔŋ ‘post, pole’
• *ˀjɤːŋ ‘village’
• *-ruʔ ‘village’
• *-ɗeːŋ ‘road, way’
• *rɔːŋ ‘ditch, channel’
• *dap ‘to dam’
• *kroːr ‘granary’
• *kraːs ‘veranda’
• *kraːʔ ‘road, way’

Invertebrates

• *ɓa/ɤr ‘flying ant’
• *ɓeːŋ ‘spider’
• *caːr ‘grasshopper’
• *cɔːʔ ‘red ant’
• *gɔŋ ‘grub, worm’
• *ʰraːc ‘maggot’
• *-lɔːʔ ‘snail’
• *lVŋ ‘firefly’
• *maʔ ‘insect’
• *-mɔːt ‘weevil’
• *mrɤɲ ‘body louse’
• *ɲaŋ ‘caterpillar’
• *ŋruːɲ ‘ant/termite’
• *pəsiɛr ‘bee’
• *plɤːm ‘leech (land)’
• *-praːŋ ‘mosquito’
• *raːk ‘termite’
• *rɔːj ‘housefly’
• *-riːt ‘cricket’
• *-riɛŋ ‘wasp’
• *saːj ‘bee, wasp’
• *smuːc ‘ant’
• *suːt ‘bee’
• *ʋaːk ‘insect, worm’
• *-ʔiːp ‘centipede’
• *-ʔɔːr ‘hornet’
• *kəʔaːɲ ‘wasp’

References

• Sidwell, Paul. 2015. The Palaungic Languages: Classification, Reconstruction and Comparative Lexicon. München: Lincom Europa.