Reconstruction:Proto-Austronesian/zaʀum

This Proto-Austronesian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Austronesian

Alternative forms

*zaʀəm

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɟ͡ʝaʀum/, /ɟ͡ʝarum/

Noun

*zaʀum

needle

Descendants

Thao: lhalhum, pashlhalhuman, pulhalhum
Atayal: rom
Kavalan: lazum
Paiwan: djaum, djmaum
- → Puyuma: daum
Proto-Malayo-Polynesian: *zaʀum
- Proto-Philippine: *daʀum (see there for further descendants)
- Greater Barito
  - Sama–Bajaw
    - Balangingi: jawm
    - Central Sama: jalum
    - Yakan: dalum
- North Bornean
  - Northeast Sabahan
    - Ida'an: derum
    - >? Bonggi: jarubm
  - Southwest Sabahan
    - Dusunic
      - >? Kimaragang: darum
- Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands
  - Batak: *jarum
    - Northern
      - Dairi Batak: jarum
      - Karo Batak: jarum
      - Simalungun Batak: jarum
    - Southern
      - Toba Batak: jarum
- Rejang: dolom
- Malayo-Sumbawan
  - Chamic: *jarum
    - Acehnese: jarom
    - Coastal Chamic
      - Haroi: cơrŭm
      - Cham
        Eastern Cham: ꨎꨣꨭꩌ (jarum)
        Western Cham: جغوم (jrum)
    - Highlands Chamic
      - Chru–Northern Chamic
        Chru: jrum
        Northern Chamic
        Northern Roglai: jurup
        Tsat: sun¹¹
      - Jarai–Rade
        Jarai: jrum, jơrum
        Rade: êrŭm
  - Malayic: *jarum
    - Ibanic
      - Iban: jarum
      - Mualang: jarum
    - Malayan
      - Malay: jarum
        Indonesian: jarum
      - Minangkabau: jarum, jarun
    - Urak Lawoi': ยฺารบ (jarop)
  - Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa
    - Balinese: ᬚᬳᬸᬫ᭄ (jaum)
    - Sasak: jarum
    - Sumbawa: jarum
- Old Javanese: dom
  - Javanese: ꦢꦺꦴꦩ꧀ (dom)
    - → Indonesian: dom
- South Sulawesi
  - Bugis–Tamanic
    - Buginese: jarung
  - Makassaric
    - Makasar: jarung
      - →? Manggarai: jarung
  - Seko
    - Seko Padang: jarung
  - Northern
    - Mandar: rarung
    - Massenrempulu
      - Duri: jarun
    - Pitu Ulunna Salu
      - Bambam: dahun
    - Toraja
      - Mamasa: darun
      - Tae': darun
      - Toraja-Sa'dan: darun
- Celebic
  - Saluan–Banggai
    - Balantak: sarum
  - Tomini–Tolitoli
    - Tajio: jaru
    - Lauje: jaung
  - Kaili–Pamona
    - Northern
      - Ledo Kaili: jaru
      - Da'a Kaili: jaru
      - Pamona: jau
    - Southern
      - Uma: jaru
      - Bada: daru
      - Besoa: daru
  - Muna–Buton
    - Bonerate: deyu
    - Muna: deu
  - Bungku–Tolaki
    - Tolaki: seu
    - Moronene: seu
- Central Malayo-Polynesian
  - Bima: ndau
  - Sumba–Flores
    - Rembong: zarun
    - Sabu: jhau
  - Timoric
    - Tetum: daun
  - Kei–Tanimbar
    - >? Fordata: dirin
- Palauan: rasm < *racum
- Oceanic: *saʀum
  - Admiralty Islands
    - Lou: soun pwik
  - St. Matthias
    - Mussau-Emira: raum
  - Western Oceanic
    - North New Guinea
      - Huon Gulf
        Wampar: so
      - Ngero–Vitiaz
        Kove: salumu
        Gitua: sarum
    - Meso-Melanesian
      - Northwest Solomonic
        Halia: salem
        Nehan: harum
  - Central–Eastern Oceanic
    - Southeast Solomonic
      - Bugotu–Gela
        Gela: ihalu
      - Malaita–Makira
        Makira
        Arosi: taru
        Malaita
        'Are'are: tarua
    - Central Pacific
      - East Fijian-Polynesian
        Fijian: sau
        Proto-Polynesian: *hau (see there for further descendants)