Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/kʷrītos
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This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Celtic
editEtymology
editPast participle of *kʷrināti (“to buy”).
Adjective
edit*kʷrītos[1]
Inflection
edit| O/ā-stem | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *kʷrītos | *kʷrītou | *kʷrītoi |
| vocative | *kʷrīte | *kʷrītou | *kʷrītoi |
| accusative | *kʷrītom | *kʷrītou | *kʷrītoms |
| genitive | *kʷrītī | *kʷrītous | *kʷrītom |
| dative | *kʷrītūi | *kʷrītobom | *kʷrītobos |
| instrumental | *kʷrītū | *kʷrītobim | *kʷrītobis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *kʷrītā | *kʷrītai | *kʷrītās |
| vocative | *kʷrītā | *kʷrītai | *kʷrītās |
| accusative | *kʷrītam | *kʷrītai | *kʷrītams |
| genitive | *kʷrītās | *kʷrītous | *kʷrītom |
| dative | *kʷrītai | *kʷrītābom | *kʷrītābos |
| instrumental | *? | *kʷrītābim | *kʷrītābis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *kʷrītom | *kʷrītou | *kʷrītā |
| vocative | *kʷrītom | *kʷrītou | *kʷrītā |
| accusative | *kʷrītom | *kʷrītou | *kʷrītā |
| genitive | *kʷrītī | *kʷrītous | *kʷrītom |
| dative | *kʷrītūi | *kʷrītobom | *kʷrītobos |
| instrumental | *kʷrītū | *kʷrītobim | *kʷrītobis |
| Declension of the comparative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *kʷrītyūs | *? | *kʷrītyoses |
| vocative | *kʷrītyūs | *? | *kʷrītyoses |
| accusative | *kʷrītyosam | *? | *kʷrītyosams |
| genitive | *kʷrītisos | *? | *kʷrītisom |
| dative | *kʷrītisei | *? | *kʷrītisbos |
| instrumental | *kʷrītisī | *? | *kʷrītisbis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *kʷrītyūs | *? | *kʷrītyoses |
| vocative | *kʷrītyūs | *? | *kʷrītyoses |
| accusative | *kʷrītyosam | *? | *kʷrītyosams |
| genitive | *kʷrītisos | *? | *kʷrītisom |
| dative | *kʷrītisei | *? | *kʷrītisbos |
| instrumental | *kʷrītisī | *? | *kʷrītisbis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *kʷrītis | *? | *? |
| vocative | *kʷrītis | *? | *? |
| accusative | *kʷrītis | *? | *? |
| genitive | *kʷrītisos | *? | *kʷrītisom |
| dative | *kʷrītisei | *? | *kʷrītisbos |
| instrumental | *kʷrītisī | *? | *kʷrītisbis |
Reconstruction notes
editMiddle Welsh, Gaulish, and Old Irish disagree wildly on the form of this term's potential noun formations, making reconstructing a singular unifying etymon for descendant nouns difficult.[2]
- Old Irish críth has a genitive singular críthi attested in late manuscripts, implying it was in a declension that added a vowel suffix to form the genitive singular.
- The main two declensions that would have such a suffix would be *-tus (as reconstructed by De Bernardo Stempel and McCone) and *-tā (as assumed by Schumacher).
- Irslinger rules out *-tā based on the tendency of -yH- and -wH-final roots to have a short vowel in the root syllable when using the suffix, not a long one.
- Vendryes has opted for a direct derivation from the past participle.[3]
- Middle Welsh prid manifests as an adjective (indicative of a past-participial adjective), and a masculine noun meaning "mortgage, pledge". The noun can come from any gender of the past participle, or *-tā, or *-tus.
- Gaulish tiopritom is neuter and derives from a neuter substantivization of a *-tós adjective.
The simplest derivation for all these nouns is independent derivations in all three Celtic branches from the past participle.
Descendants
editReferences
edit- ^ Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 115
- ^ Irslinger, Britta Sofie (2002) Abstrakta mit Dentalsuffixen im Altirischen [Abstracts with Dental Suffixes in Old Irish] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter, →ISBN, page 92
- ^ Gordon, Randall Clark (2012) Derivational Morphology of the Early Irish Verbal Noun, Los Angeles: University of California, page 179