Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-ārijaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Usually held to be a borrowing from Latin -ārius; at the very least, it was probably influenced and reinforced by it.

However, Gąsiorowski instead suggests that *-ārijaz is a native formation; he derives it from earlier *-azrijaz, which he etymologises as a zero-grade form of *-sōr suffixed with *-ih₂, creating a suffix *-sr-ih₂ for forming feminine agent nouns, which was then masculinised by attaching *-ós. He also suggests a relation to Proto-West Germanic *-astrijā.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɑː.ri.jɑz/

Noun

*-ārijaz m

1. -er. Forms agent nouns from nouns.

Inflection

masculine ja-stemDeclension of *-ārijaz (masculine ja-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*-ārijaz	*-ārijōz, *-ārijōs
vocative	*-ārī	*-ārijōz, *-ārijōs
accusative	*-āriją	*-ārijanz
genitive	*-ārijas, *-ārīs	*-ārijǫ̂
dative	*-ārijai	*-ārijamaz
instrumental	*-ārijō	*-ārijamiz

Synonyms

• *-jô
• *-ndz

Derived terms

Proto-Germanic terms suffixed with *-ārijaz

Descendants

This suffix was conflated with the suffixal use of the noun *warjaz in many languages, eventually causing both to be treated as one.

• Proto-West Germanic: *-ārī
  • Old English: -ere, -re
    • Middle English: -er, -are, -ere
      • English: -er
      • Scots: -ar
  • Old Frisian: -ere
    • Saterland Frisian: -er
    • West Frisian: -er
  • Old Saxon: -āri
    • Middle Low German: -ære, -ēre, -ere
      • Low German: -er
  • Old Dutch: *-āri, -ere
    • Middle Dutch: -ere
      • Dutch: -er, -aar
        • Afrikaans: -er
      • Limburgish: -er
  • Old High German: -āri, -ari, -eri
    • Middle High German: -ære, -er
      • Alemannic German: -er
      • Bavarian: -er
      • Cimbrian: -ar
      • German: -er
      • Luxembourgish: -er
      • Yiddish: ־ער (-er)
• Proto-Norse:
  • Old Norse: -ari
    • Icelandic: -ari
    • Faroese: -ari
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: -ar; (dialectal) -ari, -are, -ær
    • Old Swedish: -are, -ari
      • Swedish: -are
    • Old Danish: -eræ
      • Danish: -er
      • Norwegian Bokmål: -er
    • → Estonian: -r
    • → Finnish: -ari, -uri
• Gothic: -𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 (-āreis)
  • → Proto-Slavic: *-ařь (see there for further descendants)