Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/argaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₃orǵʰ-, *h₃erǵʰ- (“to copulate”). Cognate with Lithuanian aržùs, Russian ёрзать (jórzatʹ).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɑr.ɣɑz/

Adjective

*argaz (comparative *argōzô, superlative *argōstaz)

1. (derogatory, offensive) unmanly, effeminate, indecent
2. (derogatory, offensive) cowardly, dishonorable, unworthy

Inflection

Declension of *argaz (a-stem)

Strong declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*argaz	*argai	*argō	*argôz	*argą, -atō	*argō
Accusative	*arganǭ	*arganz	*argǭ	*argōz	*argą, -atō	*argō
Genitive	*argas, -is	*argaizǫ̂	*argaizōz	*argaizǫ̂	*argas, -is	*argaizǫ̂
Dative	*argammai	*argaimaz	*argaizōi	*argaimaz	*argammai	*argaimaz
Instrumental	*arganō	*argaimiz	*argaizō	*argaimiz	*arganō	*argaimiz
Weak declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*argô	*arganiz	*argǭ	*argōniz	*argô	*argōnō
Accusative	*arganų	*arganunz	*argōnų	*argōnunz	*argô	*argōnō
Genitive	*arginiz	*arganǫ̂	*argōniz	*argōnǫ̂	*arginiz	*arganǫ̂
Dative	*argini	*argammaz	*argōni	*argōmaz	*argini	*argammaz
Instrumental	*arginē	*argammiz	*argōnē	*argōmiz	*arginē	*argammiz

Derived terms

• *argį̄
• *argijaną
• *argijǭ
• *argiþō

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *arg
  • Old English: earg, arg
    • Middle English: arg, argh, eri
      • Early Scots: argh, arch
        • Scots: ergh, erfe, erf
      • English: argh, eerie
  • Old Frisian: erch, erg
    • Saterland Frisian: äärch
    • West Frisian: erch, arch
  • Old Saxon: *arug, *arg
    • Middle Low German: arich, arch
      • Low German: arg
  • Old Dutch: arug, *arg
    • Middle Dutch: arch, aerch, erch
      • Dutch: erg, arg (the form with -a- is now archaic or dialectal, but preserved in several derived forms such as argeloos, argwaan etc.)
        • Afrikaans: erg
  • Old High German: arg, arc, arga
    • Middle High German: arc
      • Alemannic German: arg, arig

        Swabian: arg

      • Bavarian: oarg
      • Central Franconian: ärch, arch (Moselle Franconian)

        Hunsrik: aarich

      • German: arg
      • Luxembourgish: uerg
      • Rhine Franconian:

        Palatine German: aarich, arch, arich

        Pennsylvania German: arig, arrig

      • → Medieval Latin: arga
• Old Norse: argr
  • ⇒ Old Norse: ragr
    • Icelandic: ragur
    • Old Swedish: ragher
  • Icelandic: argur
  • Faroese: argur
  • Old Swedish: argher
    • Swedish: arg
  • Danish: arg
  • → Scots: arg, arga
• Gothic: *𐌰𐍂𐌲𐍃 (*args)
  • → Spanish: haragán
• → Proto-Finnic: *arka
  • Estonian: arg
  • Finnish: arka
  • Ingrian: arga
  • Karelian: arga
  • Livonian: ārga
  • Ludian: arg
  • Veps: arg
  • Votic: arkõ
  • → Proto-Samic: *ārkē