Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/frumô

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *fr- (“for, forward”) +‎ *-umô (“superlative”), from Proto-Indo-European *pr- (“before, formerly; through, throughout”) (see *per-) + Pre-Germanic *-m̥Hon-, from Proto-Indo-European *-mHo-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɸru.mɔːː/

Adjective

**Proto-Germanic ordinal numbers**
	1	2 >
Cardinal : ainaz Ordinal* : frumô Adverbial* : ainas Multiplier* : *ainafalþaz

*frumô

first

Synonyms: *frumistaz, *furistaz

Inflection

Declension of *frumô (an/īn-stem)

Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*frumô	*frumaniz	*frumį̄	*frumīniz	*frumô	*frumōnō
Accusative	*frumanų	*frumanunz	*frumīnų	*frumīnunz	*frumô	*frumōnō
Genitive	*fruminiz	*frumanǫ̂	*frumīniz	*frumīnǫ̂	*fruminiz	*frumanǫ̂
Dative	*frumini	*frumammaz	*frumīni	*frumīmaz	*frumini	*frumammaz
Instrumental	*fruminē	*frumammiz	*frumīnē	*frumīmiz	*fruminē	*frumammiz

Derived terms

Adjectival forms:

Proto-West Germanic:
- Old English: forma
  - Middle English: forme
    - ⇒ Middle English: former (comparative)
      - English: former
      - Scots: formar
- Old Saxon: formo
Old Norse: *frum-
- Icelandic: frum-
- Faroese: frum-
Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌿𐌼𐌰 (fruma)

Noun forms:

Proto-West Germanic:
- Old English: fruma (“beginning; prince; originator”)
  - Middle English: frume, frome (“origin, source”)
- Old Frisian: froma (“use, benefit”)
- Old Saxon: fruma (“use, benefit”)
  - Middle Low German: vrōme (“use, benefit”)
    - ⇒ Middle Low German: vrōme (“righteous”)
      - → Norwegian: from (“pious”)
      - → Old Swedish: fromber (“pious”)
        Swedish: from (“pious”)
      - → Danish: from (“pious”)
- Old Dutch: *fruma
  - Middle Dutch: vrome (“use, benefit”)
    - ⇒ Middle Dutch: vrome (“firm, upright”, adjective)
      - Dutch: vroom (“pious”)
- Old High German: fruma (“use, benefit”)
  - Middle High German: vrome, vrume
    - German: Fromme
    - ⇒ Middle High German: vrume (“firm, upright”, adjective)
      - German: fromm
      - Yiddish: פֿרום (frum)
        → English: frum, frummer