Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gagin

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Of uncertain origin.^[1]^[2] Orel tentatively suggests the word to be a metathesized derivative of *ganganą (“to go, walk, step”).^[3]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɣɑ.ɣin/

Preposition

*gagin

(+ dative) towards, in the direction of
(+ accusative) against

Derived terms

*gaginjaną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *gagin
- Old English: ġeġn, gæġn, ġēan
  - Middle English: gain, ȝæn
    - English: gain (obsolete)
    - Scots: gain, gin
- Old Frisian: jēn, jōn
  - North Frisian: jen, jien
  - Saterland Frisian: juun
  - West Frisian: jin
    - ⇒ West Frisian: tsjin
- Old Saxon: gegin, gigin, gagan
  - Middle Low German: gēgen, jēgen
    - Low German: giegen (Münsterländisch); gegen
      - ⇒ Low German: tiegen (Münsterländisch); tegen (from to giegen, to gegen)
- Old Dutch: gegin
  - Middle Dutch: jegen, jeghen
    - ⇒ Middle Dutch: tegen, tjegen (from te jegen)
      - Dutch: tegen
        Afrikaans: teen
        Negerhollands: tegen, teegen
        Skepi Creole Dutch: tagen
        → Caribbean Javanese: tékhe
    - ⇒ Middle Dutch: jeghens
      - Dutch: jegens
        Afrikaans: jeens
- Old High German: gagan
  - Middle High German: gegen, gagen, jegen, gein, gēn
    - Alemannic German: gege
    - Cimbrian: ghéghen
    - German: gegen
    - Hunsrik: geghe
    - Yiddish: קעגן (kegn)
    - ⇒ Middle High German: gein, gēn (contraction)
      - German: gen (literary, dated)
      - Yiddish: קיין (keyn)
      - ⇒ Luxembourgish: géint (with paragogic -t)
Old Norse: gegn
- Icelandic: gegn
- Faroese: gjøgn
- Norwegian:
  - Norwegian Bokmål: gjen-
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: gjegn, gjen-
- Old Swedish: gēn
  - Swedish: gen-
- Danish: gen-
- → Middle English: gayn, geyn, gein, gain, gayne, gaine
  - English: gain (obsolete, dialectal)
  - Scots: gain
- ⇒ Old Norse: gegnum (dative) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ Old Norse: í gegn
  - Faroese: ígjøgn
  - Norwegian: igjen
  - Jamtish: igjann
  - Old Swedish: ī gēn
    - Swedish: igen
  - Danish: igen

References

^ Friedrich Kluge (1883) “gegen”, in John Francis Davis, transl., Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, published 1891
^ van der Sijs, Nicoline, editor (2010), “jegens”, in Etymologiebank, Meertens Institute
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*3a3nē̆”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 122

[1] Friedrich Kluge (1883) “gegen”, in John Francis Davis, transl., Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, published 1891

[2] van der Sijs, Nicoline, editor (2010), “jegens”, in Etymologiebank, Meertens Institute

[3] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*3a3nē̆”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 122

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