Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gelwaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃-wó-s (“yellow”), from *ǵʰelh₃- (“to shine”) +‎ *-wós.^[1] Cognate with Latin helvus (“light-yellow”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɣel.wɑz/

Adjective

*gelwaz

(West Germanic) yellow

Inflection

Declension of *gelwaz (a-stem)

Strong declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*gelwaz	*gelwai	*gelwō	*gelwôz	*gelwą, -atō	*gelwō
Accusative	*gelwanǭ	*gelwanz	*gelwǭ	*gelwōz	*gelwą, -atō	*gelwō
Genitive	*gelwas, -is	*gelwaizǫ̂	*gelwaizōz	*gelwaizǫ̂	*gelwas, -is	*gelwaizǫ̂
Dative	*gelwammai	*gelwaimaz	*gelwaizōi	*gelwaimaz	*gelwammai	*gelwaimaz
Instrumental	*gelwanō	*gelwaimiz	*gelwaizō	*gelwaimiz	*gelwanō	*gelwaimiz

Weak declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*gelwô	*gelwaniz	*gelwǭ	*gelwōniz	*gelwô	*gelwōnō
Accusative	*gelwanų	*gelwanunz	*gelwōnų	*gelwōnunz	*gelwô	*gelwōnō
Genitive	*gelwiniz	*gelwanǫ̂	*gelwōniz	*gelwōnǫ̂	*gelwiniz	*gelwanǫ̂
Dative	*gelwini	*gelwammaz	*gelwōni	*gelwōmaz	*gelwini	*gelwammaz
Instrumental	*gelwinē	*gelwammiz	*gelwōnē	*gelwōmiz	*gelwinē	*gelwammiz

Synonyms

*gulaz (North Germanic)

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *gelu
- Old English: ġeolu
  - Middle English: ȝelwe, ȝalow, yelow
    - English: yellow; yeller, yallow, yaller, yullow (dialectal)
    - Scots: yella, yelly, yallow
- Old Frisian: *jele
  - Saterland Frisian: jeel
  - West Frisian: giel
- Old Saxon: gelo, gelu
  - Middle Low German: gēl
    - Low German:
      - German Low German:
        Hamburgisch: geel
      - Westphalian:
        Ravensbergisch-Lippisch: gial
        Lippisch: gäll
        Sauerländisch: giäl, geal, gail, gēäl
        Westmünsterländisch: gääl, geel, gell
    - Plautdietsch: jäl
- Old Dutch: *gelo
  - Middle Dutch: gēle
    - Dutch: geel
    - Limburgish: gael
- Old High German: gelo
  - Middle High German: gël (inflected gëlwe)
    - Alemannic German:
      - Alsatian: gahl, gäl
      Swabian: geal
    - Central Franconian: gäl, jäl, jell
    - Cimbrian: gel, ghéel (Sette Comuni)
    - German: gelb; gehl (regional)
      → Hunsrik: gelleb
    - Luxembourgish: giel
    - Pennsylvania German: gehl
    - Vilamovian: gaoł
    - Yiddish: געל (gel), געלב (gelb)
Proto-Germanic: *gulþą
- Proto-West Germanic: *golþ
  - Old English: gold
    - Middle English: gold
      - English: gold
      - Scots: gowd, goold
  - Old Frisian: gold, goud
    - Saterland Frisian: Gould
    - West Frisian: goud
  - Old Saxon: gold
    - Middle Low German: golt
      - German Low German: Gold
      - Plautdietsch: Golt
  - Old Dutch: golt, gold
    - Middle Dutch: gout
      - Dutch: goud
        Afrikaans: goud
        Berbice Creole Dutch: gautu
        Negerhollands: gaut, goud, gout
        Skepi Creole Dutch: gaut
        → Sranan Tongo: gowtu
        → Caribbean Javanese: gautu
        → Saramaccan: góútu
        → Trió: koutu
      - Limburgish: góldj
  - Old High German: gold
    - Middle High German: golt
      - Alemannic German: Gold
      - Bavarian: Goid, Golt
        Cimbrian: gold, golt (Sette Comuni)
        Mòcheno: golt
      - Central Franconian:
        Hunsrik: Gold
        Luxembourgish: Gold
      - East Central German:
        Vilamovian: gułd
      - East Franconian:
      - German: Gold
      - Rhine Franconian: Gold
        Frankfurterisch: [g̥olt]
        Pennsylvania German: Gold
      - Yiddish: גאָלד (gold)
- Old Norse: gull
  - Icelandic: gull n
  - Faroese: gull n
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: gull n
  - Old Swedish: gull n
    - Swedish: gull, guld n
  - Old Danish:
    - Danish: guld n
      - Norwegian Bokmål: gull n
      - → Greenlandic: kuulti
  - Gutnish: gull n
- Gothic: 𐌲𐌿𐌻𐌸 (gulþ)
- Crimean Gothic: goltz
- → Proto-Finnic: *kulta (see there for further descendants)
- → Proto-Samic: *kollē (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*gelwa- ~ *gulu-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 174

[1] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*gelwa- ~ *gulu-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 174

[1]

blaikaz, blankaz, hwītaz, blasaz	falwaz, grēwaz, haswaz, grīsaz, *hairaz	blakaz, swartaz
*raudaz	brūnaz, erpaz, *dusnaz	gelwaz, gulaz
*grōniz	*grōniz
	*blēwaz	blēwaz, hēwijaz
blēwaz, hēwijaz	*baswaz