Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/gramjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *grimmaną (“to rage, be furious”) +‎ *-janą or *gramaz (“furious”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɣrɑm.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*gramjaną^[1]^[2]

to cause to be angry, provoke, irritate, anger
Antonym: *hulþijaną

Inflection

Conjugation of *gramjaną (weak class 1)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*gramjō	*gramjaų	—	*gramjai	?
2nd singular	*gramisi	*gramjais	*grami	*gramjasai	*gramjaisau
3rd singular	*gramiþi	*gramjai	*gramjaþau	*gramjaþai	*gramjaiþau
1st dual	*gramjōs	*gramjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*gramjaþiz	*gramjaiþiz	*gramjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*gramjamaz	*gramjaim	—	*gramjanþai	*gramjainþau
2nd plural	*gramiþ	*gramjaiþ	*gramiþ	*gramjanþai	*gramjainþau
3rd plural	*gramjanþi	*gramjain	*gramjanþau	*gramjanþai	*gramjainþau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*gramidǭ	*gramidēdį̄
2nd singular	*gramidēz	*gramidēdīz
3rd singular	*gramidē	*gramidēdī
1st dual	*gramidēdū	*gramidēdīw
2nd dual	*gramidēdudiz	*gramidēdīdiz
1st plural	*gramidēdum	*gramidēdīm
2nd plural	*gramidēdud	*gramidēdīd
3rd plural	*gramidēdun	*gramidēdīn

	present	past
participles	*gramjandz	*gramidaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *grammjan
- Old English: gremian, gremman
  - Middle English: gremen
- Old Frisian: *gremia, *gremma
  - Saterland Frisian: grääme
- Old Saxon: *gremian, *gremmian
  - Middle Low German: grēmen, gremmen
- Old Dutch: *gremen, *gremmen
  - Middle Dutch: grēmen, gremmen
- Old High German: gremen, gremmen
  - Middle High German: gremen
    - German: grämen
Old Norse: gremja
- Icelandic: gremja
- Norwegian Bokmål: gremme; gremmes
- Norwegian Nynorsk: gremja, gremje, gremma, gremme
- Old Swedish: græmia
  - Swedish: gräma
- Danish: græmme
Gothic: 𐌲𐍂𐌰𐌼𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gramjan)

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*gramjan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 186
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ʒramjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 140

[1] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*gramjan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 186

[2] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ʒramjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 140

[1]

[2]