Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hailaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxɑi̯.lɑz/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *kéh₂ilos (“healthy, whole”). Cognate with Proto-Balto-Slavic *káilas (> Proto-Slavic *cělъ (“whole”), Old Prussian kailūstiskan (“health”)), as well as the marginally attested Ancient Greek κοἶλυ (koîlu, “goodness, beauty”).

Adjective

*hailaz

1. whole, unbroken, intact
2. entire, complete
3. hale, healthy, sound
   1. hail!

Inflection

Declension of *hailaz (a-stem)

Strong declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*hailaz	*hailai	*hailō	*hailôz	*hailą, -atō	*hailō
Accusative	*hailanǭ	*hailanz	*hailǭ	*hailōz	*hailą, -atō	*hailō
Genitive	*hailas, -is	*hailaizǫ̂	*hailaizōz	*hailaizǫ̂	*hailas, -is	*hailaizǫ̂
Dative	*hailammai	*hailaimaz	*hailaizōi	*hailaimaz	*hailammai	*hailaimaz
Instrumental	*hailanō	*hailaimiz	*hailaizō	*hailaimiz	*hailanō	*hailaimiz
Weak declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*hailô	*hailaniz	*hailǭ	*hailōniz	*hailô	*hailōnō
Accusative	*hailanų	*hailanunz	*hailōnų	*hailōnunz	*hailô	*hailōnō
Genitive	*hailiniz	*hailanǫ̂	*hailōniz	*hailōnǫ̂	*hailiniz	*hailanǫ̂
Dative	*hailini	*hailammaz	*hailōni	*hailōmaz	*hailini	*hailammaz
Instrumental	*hailinē	*hailammiz	*hailōnē	*hailōmiz	*hailinē	*hailammiz

Derived terms

• *hailagaz
• *hailasamaz
• *hailatjaną
• *hailiją
  • Crimean Gothic: iel
• *hailijaną
• *hailisōną
• *hailiþō
• *hailnaną
• *unhailaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *hail
  • Old English: hāl, hǣl
    • Middle English: hole
      • English: whole
      • Scots: hole, holl
      • ⇒ Yola: haoleghey
    • Northern Middle English: hal
      • Geordie English: hyel
      • Scots: hale
  • Old Frisian: hēl
    • Saterland Frisian: heel
    • West Frisian: hiel
  • Old Saxon: hēl
    • Middle Low German: hêl, heil
      • Low German: hel, heel, heil
  • Old Dutch: *hēl, heil
    • Middle Dutch: hêel
      • Dutch: heel
        • Afrikaans: heel
  • Old High German: heil
    • Middle High German: heil
      • German: heil
• Proto-Norse: *ᚺᚨᛁᛚᚨᛉ (*hailaʀ)
  • Old Norse: heill, hęill
    • Icelandic: heill
    • Faroese: heilur
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: heil
      • → Norwegian Bokmål: heil
    • Old Swedish: hēl
      • Swedish: hel
    • Old Danish: hel, hiæl
      • Danish: hel
        • Norwegian Bokmål: hel
    • → Middle English: heil
      • English: hail
      • Scots: hail
• East Germanic
  • Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌻𐍃 (hails)
  • Vandalic: *hailz (early), eils, *hēlz (late)

Etymology 2

Probably of similar derivation to the above. Per Matasovic, potentially related to Proto-Brythonic *koɨl (“omen, augury”) (whence Welsh coel (“belief, trust”)), Latin caelum (“sky”), though Kroonen rejects relations to the Italo-Celtic forms.

Noun

*hailaz n

1. omen, portent

Inflection

z-stemDeclension of *hailaz (z-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*hailaz	*hailizō
vocative	*hailaz	*hailizō
accusative	*hailaz	*hailizō
genitive	*hailiziz	*hailizǫ̂
dative	*hailizi	*hailizumaz
instrumental	*hailizē	*hailizumiz

Derived terms

• *hailagaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *hail
  • Old English: hǣl
  • Old Saxon: hēl
    • Middle Low German: heil
  • Old Dutch: *heil
    • Middle Dutch: heil
      • Dutch: heil
        • Afrikaans: heil
  • Old High German: heil
    • Middle High German: heil
      • German: Heil
• Old Norse: heill
  • Icelandic: heill