Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hlahjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *klek- (“to laugh, cackle”), a seemingly-onomatopoeic root attested in Germanic and Slavic languages. Cognate with Russian клекота́ть (klekotátʹ, “to scream (of birds of prey)”). Possibly related to Proto-Celtic *klokkos (“bell”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxlɑx.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*hlahjaną

1. to laugh (+ genitive of thing laughed at)

Inflection

Conjugation of *hlahjaną (strong class 6 j-present)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hlahjō	*hlahjaų	—	*hlahjai	?
2nd singular	*hlahisi	*hlahjais	*hlahi	*hlahjasai	*hlahjaisau
3rd singular	*hlahiþi	*hlahjai	*hlahjaþau	*hlahjaþai	*hlahjaiþau
1st dual	*hlahjōs	*hlahjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*hlahjaþiz	*hlahjaiþiz	*hlahjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*hlahjamaz	*hlahjaim	—	*hlahjanþai	*hlahjainþau
2nd plural	*hlahiþ	*hlahjaiþ	*hlahiþ	*hlahjanþai	*hlahjainþau
3rd plural	*hlahjanþi	*hlahjain	*hlahjanþau	*hlahjanþai	*hlahjainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*hlōh	*hlōgį̄
2nd singular	*hlōht	*hlōgīz
3rd singular	*hlōh	*hlōgī
1st dual	*hlōgū	*hlōgīw
2nd dual	*hlōgudiz	*hlōgīdiz
1st plural	*hlōgum	*hlōgīm
2nd plural	*hlōgud	*hlōgīd
3rd plural	*hlōgun	*hlōgīn
	present	past
participles	*hlahjandz	*hlaganaz

Derived terms

• *hlōgijaną
• *hlōgiz

Related terms

• *hlahtraz
• *hlakkōną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *hlahhjan
  • Old English: hliehhan, hlihhan, hlehhan, hlæhan, hlihan, hlichan, hlihgan, hlyhhan
    • Middle English: laughen
      • English: laugh
      • Scots: lauch
      • Yola: leeigh, leigh
  • Old Saxon: hlahhian, hlahan
    • Middle Low German: lachen
      • Low German: lachen
      • Plautdietsch: lachen
  • Old Dutch: *lahhen, *lahhan
    • Middle Dutch: lachen
      • Dutch: lachen
        • Afrikaans: lag
        • Berbice Creole Dutch: laki
        • Javindo: lach, lag, lah
        • Negerhollands: lach, lak
        • Petjo: lahen
      • Limburgish: lache
  • Old High German: hlahhan, hlahhēn
    • Middle High German: lachen
      • Alemannic German: lache
      • Cimbrian: lachan
      • German: lachen
      • Luxembourgish: laachen
      • Yiddish: לאַכן (lakhn)
• Old Norse: hlæja
  • Icelandic: hlæja
  • Faroese: læa
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: læja, læ, le
  • Elfdalian: läa
  • Old Swedish: lēia, lea, lēa
    • Swedish: le
  • Old Danish: lē
    • Danish: le
      • Norwegian Bokmål: le
• East Germanic
  • Gothic: 𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 (hlahjan)
  • Crimean Gothic: lachen