Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kreupaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

According to Kroonen, the derivations containing -p(p)- and -b(b)- show that the root was originally Pre-Germanic *kreupp-, from Proto-Indo-European *grewbʰ- (“to crawl”), rather than the traditionally given *grewb-. He gives Lithuanian grubinė́ti (“to stumble”) as a cognate.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkreu̯.pɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*kreupaną

1. to writhe, twist, wind
2. to creep, crawl

Inflection

Conjugation of *kreupaną (strong class 2)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*kreupō	*kreupaų	—	*kreupai	?
2nd singular	*kriupizi	*kreupaiz	*kreup	*kreupazai	*kreupaizau
3rd singular	*kriupidi	*kreupai	*kreupadau	*kreupadai	*kreupaidau
1st dual	*kreupōz	*kreupaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*kreupadiz	*kreupaidiz	*kreupadiz	—	—
1st plural	*kreupamaz	*kreupaim	—	*kreupandai	*kreupaindau
2nd plural	*kriupid	*kreupaid	*kriupid	*kreupandai	*kreupaindau
3rd plural	*kreupandi	*kreupain	*kreupandau	*kreupandai	*kreupaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*kraup	*krupį̄
2nd singular	*krauft	*krupīz
3rd singular	*kraup	*krupī
1st dual	*krupū	*krupīw
2nd dual	*krupudiz	*krupīdiz
1st plural	*krupum	*krupīm
2nd plural	*krupud	*krupīd
3rd plural	*krupun	*krupīn
	present	past
participles	*kreupandz	*krupanaz

Related terms

• *krupilaz/*kruppilaz
• *kruppaz (possibly)
• *kruppijaną
• *kruppōną/*krubbōną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *kreupan
  • Old English: crēopan
    • Middle English: crepen
      • English: creep
      • Scots: crepe, creip
  • Old Frisian: krūpa, kriāpa, kriēpa, krēpa
    • Saterland Frisian: krjope, kjoope
    • West Frisian: krippe, krûpe
  • Old Saxon: kriopan
    • Middle Low German: krêpen, krûpen
      • German Low German: krepen, krupen
  • Old Dutch: *crūpan
    • Middle Dutch: crupen
      • Dutch: kruipen
        • Afrikaans: kruip
        • Negerhollands: krup, kryb
      • Limburgish: kroepe
  • Old High German: kriofan, *krūfan
    • Middle High German: kriefen, krūfen
      • German: kraufen, krüpfen
      • Alemannic German: chrüpfen
      • Central Franconian: kruffe
• Old Norse: krjúpa
  • Icelandic: krjúpa
  • Faroese: krúpa
  • Norwegian:
    • Norwegian Bokmål: krype
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: krype, krypa
  • Old Swedish: krȳpa
    • Swedish: krypa
  • Old Danish: krȳpæ
    • Danish: krybe
  • Elfdalian: kriuopa
  • Gutnish: kräupe
  • Scanian: krýba
  • → Scottish Gaelic: crùb