Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/laiþaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂leytos (“abhorrence, loath”), from *h₂leyt- (“to do something hateful, abhorrent”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *lissus (“abhorrence”) (compare Old Irish lius, liuss (“loathing, disgust”)), Ancient Greek ἀλιτρός (alitrós, “sinful, wicked”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈlɑi̯.θɑz/

Adjective

*laiþaz

1. loath; loathsome; disgusting
2. unwilling; averse; reluctant
3. offensive; hostile; hateful
4. grievous; sweer; sad; sorry

Inflection

Declension of *laiþaz (a-stem)

Strong declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*laiþaz	*laiþai	*laiþō	*laiþôz	*laiþą, -atō	*laiþō
Accusative	*laiþanǭ	*laiþanz	*laiþǭ	*laiþōz	*laiþą, -atō	*laiþō
Genitive	*laiþas, -is	*laiþaizǫ̂	*laiþaizōz	*laiþaizǫ̂	*laiþas, -is	*laiþaizǫ̂
Dative	*laiþammai	*laiþaimaz	*laiþaizōi	*laiþaimaz	*laiþammai	*laiþaimaz
Instrumental	*laiþanō	*laiþaimiz	*laiþaizō	*laiþaimiz	*laiþanō	*laiþaimiz
Weak declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*laiþô	*laiþaniz	*laiþǭ	*laiþōniz	*laiþô	*laiþōnō
Accusative	*laiþanų	*laiþanunz	*laiþōnų	*laiþōnunz	*laiþô	*laiþōnō
Genitive	*laiþiniz	*laiþanǫ̂	*laiþōniz	*laiþōnǫ̂	*laiþiniz	*laiþanǫ̂
Dative	*laiþini	*laiþammaz	*laiþōni	*laiþōmaz	*laiþini	*laiþammaz
Instrumental	*laiþinē	*laiþammiz	*laiþōnē	*laiþōmiz	*laiþinē	*laiþammiz

Related terms

• *laiþalīkaz
• *laiþāną
• *laiþatjaną
• *laiþijaną
• *laiþiþō
• *laiþą

 

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *laiþ
  • Old English: lāþ
    • Middle English: lath, loth, lothe
      • Scots: lathe, laith
      • English: loath
        • Scots: lothe, loith
  • Old Frisian: lēth
    • Saterland Frisian: läid
    • West Frisian: leed
  • Old Saxon: lēth
    • Middle Low German: lêt, leit
      • Low German:
        • Westphalian:

          Münsterländisch: leed

          Westmünsterländisch: leed

  • Old Dutch: lēth
    • Middle Dutch: lêet
      • Dutch: leed
  • Old High German: leid
    • Middle High German: leit
      • German: leid
      • Silesian: leed
  • → Vulgar Latin: *laidum (see there for further descendants)
• Old Norse: leiðr
  • Icelandic: leiður
  • Faroese: leiður
  • Norwegian: leid, led
  • Old Swedish: lēþer
    • Swedish: led
  • Old Danish: lēth
    • Danish: led
  • Elfdalian: lieð
  • Gutnish: laidar
  • Scanian: leðer