Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swerdą

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Nikolaev (2015) suggests derivation from Proto-Indo-European *sw-er, locative of *seh₂w- (“sharp”) (with a loss of *h₂ between *s and *w) and cognate to Luwian [script needed] (šiḫual-, šiwal-, “sword”), [script needed] (šiwa-, “sharp”). Derivation from Proto-Indo-European *swer- has been proposed, but is uncertain since all other descendants, such as *sweraną, only suggest an original meaning 'to ache, hurt, fester'.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈswer.ðɑ̃/

Noun

*swerdą n

1. sword

   Synonyms: *heruz, *mēkijaz, *wibraz

Inflection

neuter a-stemDeclension of *swerdą (neuter a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*swerdą	*swerdō
vocative	*swerdą	*swerdō
accusative	*swerdą	*swerdō
genitive	*swerdas, *swirdis	*swerdǫ̂
dative	*swerdai	*swerdamaz
instrumental	*swerdō	*swerdamiz

Derived terms

• *swerdô

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *swerd
  • Old English: sweord, suord, swyrd, swurd
    • Middle English: swerd, sword
      • English: sword
      • Scots: swuird, swerd, sword
  • Old Frisian: swerd
    • North Frisian: swird, Swiirt

      Sylt: Swērt

    • Saterland Frisian: Swäid, Swid
    • West Frisian: swurd
  • Old Saxon: swerd
    • Middle Low German: swert
      • German Low German: Sweerd, Schweerd, Schwert
      • Plautdietsch: Schwieet
  • Old Dutch: swert, suert
    • Middle Dutch: swert
      • Dutch: zwaard
        • Afrikaans: swaard
        • Negerhollands: sweerd
      • Limburgish: zwerd
      • West Flemish: zwoard
      • Zealandic: zwaerd
  • Old High German: swert
    • Middle High German: swert
      • German: Schwert
      • Hunsrik: Schweert
      • Luxembourgish: Schwäert
      • Vilamovian: świert
      • Yiddish: שווערד (shverd)
• Old Norse: sverð
  • Icelandic: sverð
  • Faroese: svørð
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: sverd; (dialectal) svørd
  • Norwegian Bokmål: sverd
  • Old Swedish: sværþ
    • Swedish: svärd
  • Old Danish: swærth
    • Danish: sværd