Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/tungǭ

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

N-stem variant of Proto-Indo-European *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s (“tongue”). Cognate with Latin lingua (“idem”) and Sanskrit जिह्वा (jihvā́, “idem”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈtuŋ.ɡɔ̃ː/

Noun

*tungǭ f

tongue
Synonym: *tulgaz
speech, language

Inflection

ōn-stemDeclension of *tungǭ (ōn-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*tungǭ	*tungōniz
vocative	*tungǭ	*tungōniz
accusative	*tungōnų	*tungōnunz
genitive	*tungōniz	*tungōnǫ̂
dative	*tungōni	*tungōmaz
instrumental	*tungōnē	*tungōmiz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *tungā
- Old English: tunge
  - Middle English: tonge, tong, tung, tunge
    - English: tongue, tounge (misspelling, otherwise obsolete), tung (eye dialect, otherwise obsolete), tong, tonge, toong, toongue, toung, toungue, tunge (obsolete)
      - Australian Kriol: tang
      - Bislama: tang
      - Sranan Tongo: tongo
      - Tok Pisin: tang
      - Torres Strait Creole: tang
    - Scots: tung, tongue, tong
- Old Frisian: tunge
  - North Frisian: tonge, tunge
  - Saterland Frisian: Tunge
  - West Frisian: tonge
- Old Saxon: tunga, tunge
  - Middle Low German: tunge
    - German Low German: Tunge
    - Plautdietsch: Tung
- Old Dutch: tunga
  - Middle Dutch: tonge, tonghe
    - Dutch: tong
      - Afrikaans: tong
      - Negerhollands: tong, toṅ, tung
        → Virgin Islands Creole: ton (dated)
      - Skepi Creole Dutch: tunk
      - →? Sranan Tongo: tongo
        → Aukan: tongo
        → Kwinti: tongo
        → Saramaccan: tongò
    - Limburgish: tóng
- Old High German: zunga
  - Middle High German: zunge
    - Alemannic German: Zunge
    - Central Franconian: Zong
    - Cimbrian: zung
    - German: Zunge
    - Luxembourgish: Zong
    - Vilamovian: cung
    - Yiddish: צונג (tsung)
Old Norse: tunga
- Icelandic: tunga
- Faroese: tunga
- Norn: tunga
- Elfdalian: tungga
- Norwegian: tunge
- Old Swedish: tunga
  - Swedish: tunga
- Old Danish: tungæ
  - Danish: tunge
- Gutnish: tungge, tunggå, tungga
Gothic: 𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍉 (tuggō)

References

^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*tungōn-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 526-7

[1] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*tungōn-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 526-7

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