Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/warjaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Derived from *warjaną (“to hinder, defend”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈwɑr.jɑz/

Noun

*warjaz m

1. defender
2. inhabitant; citizen

Inflection

masculine ja-stemDeclension of *warjaz (masculine ja-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*warjaz	*warjōz, *warjōs
vocative	*wari	*warjōz, *warjōs
accusative	*warją	*warjanz
genitive	*warjas, *waris	*warjǫ̂
dative	*warjai	*warjamaz
instrumental	*warjō	*warjamiz

Usage notes

This noun does not survive on its own in any language, but only as a suffix. This may mean that it appeared only in compounds in Proto-Germanic as well.

Descendants

The compound form of this noun was conflated with *-ārijaz in many languages, eventually causing both to be treated as one. In Old Norse, it seems to have merged with *harjaz (“warrior”) in proper names ending in -arr like Steinarr.

• Proto-West Germanic: *-wari
  • Old English: -ware
    • Middle English: -ere
      • Scots: -ar, -er
      • English: -er
  • Old Frisian: -ere
    • Saterland Frisian: -er
    • West Frisian: -er
  • Old Saxon: *-āri
    • Middle Low German: -ære, -er
      • German Low German: -er
      • → Old Norse: -ari
        • Faroese: -ari
        • Old Swedish: -are
          • Swedish: -are
  • Old Dutch: *-āri
    • Middle Dutch: -ere
      • Dutch: -er
  • Old High German: -āri, -eri, -wari
    • Middle High German: -āre, -ære, -er
      • German: -er
• Proto-Norse: *ᚹᚨᚱᛃᚨᛉ (*warjaʀ)
  • ⇒ Proto-Norse: ᛚᚨᛞᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ (ladawarijaʀ)
  • ⇒ Proto-Norse: ᛒᛁᛞᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ (bidawarijaʀ)
  • ⇒ Proto-Norse: ᛊᛏᚨᛁᚾᚨᚹᚨᚱᛁᛃᚨᛉ (stainawarijaʀ)
    • Old Norse: Steinarr
  • Old Norse: -verr, -verjar, -verir, (in given names) -arr
    • Icelandic: -verji
    • Faroese: -verji
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: -ver, -vær (lomvær, vikvær, skjåkvær, øyvær), ⇒ -væring (lofotværing, ofotværing, senjaværing, saltværing, altaværing, ranværing)
• → Latin: -variī (in ancient Germanic tribal names)