Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-tis

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Suffix

*(é)-tis f

Derives abstract/action nouns from verb roots.

Reconstruction notes

Whether this suffix had a proterokinetic inflection has been contested.^[1] Descendants predominantly have a zero-grade root; those with full-grade root (often with final laryngeal) show a distribution similar to verbal adjectives in *-tós.^[2] The varying accentuation of Vedic abstract nouns on -ति (-ti) can be explained as a chronological evolution within Sanskrit, with the original accent mostly on the suffix.^[3] To account for the ablaut in the suffix (*-ti- vs. *-tey-), an explanation based on syllable structure has been proposed:^[4] when the following ending (originally) started with a consonant, the suffix has zero grade in Indo-Iranian, otherwise full grade.^[5] The genitive singular is then explained by the ending *-s coming from earlier *-es/*-os.

Inflection

Proterokinetic pattern:^[6]

Athematic, proterokinetic
	singular
nominative	*(é)-tis
genitive	*(Ø)-téys
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(é)-tis	*(é)-tih₁(e)	*(é)-teyes
vocative	*(é)-ti	*(é)-tih₁(e)	*(é)-teyes
accusative	*(é)-tim	*(é)-tih₁(e)	*(é)-tims
genitive	*(Ø)-téys	*?	*(Ø)-téyoHom
ablative	*(Ø)-téys	*?	(Ø)-tímos, (Ø)-tíbʰos
dative	*(Ø)-téyey	*?	(Ø)-tímos, (Ø)-tíbʰos
locative	(Ø)-téy, (Ø)-tḗy	*?	*(Ø)-tísu
instrumental	*(Ø)-tíh₁	*?	(Ø)-tímis, (Ø)-tíbʰis

Hysterokinetic pattern, possibly preceded by the proterokinetic pattern:^[1]

Athematic, hysterokinetic
	singular
nominative	*(Ø)-tís
genitive	*(Ø)-téys
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(Ø)-tís	*(Ø)-tíh₁(e)	*(Ø)-téyes
vocative	*(Ø)-tí	*(Ø)-tíh₁(e)	*(Ø)-téyes
accusative	*(Ø)-tím	*(Ø)-tíh₁(e)	*(Ø)-tíms
genitive	*(Ø)-téys	*?	*(Ø)-téyoHom
ablative	*(Ø)-téys	*?	(Ø)-téymos, (Ø)-téybʰos
dative	*(Ø)-téyey	*?	(Ø)-téymos, (Ø)-téybʰos
locative	(Ø)-téy, (Ø)-tḗy	*?	*(Ø)-téysu
instrumental	*(Ø)-téyh₁	*?	(Ø)-téymis, (Ø)-téybʰis

Derived terms

Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-tis

*-ti-Hō
- Proto-Celtic: *-tiyū
  - Old Irish: -tiu
- Italic:
  - Latin: -tiō (see there for further descendants)

Descendants

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-tis
- Latvian: -tis
- Lithuanian: -tis
- Proto-Slavic: *-tь (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-tei (< locative -téy)
- Latvian: -t
- Lithuanian: -ti
- Proto-Slavic: *-ti
Proto-Celtic: *-tis
Proto-Germanic: *-þiz (also the variant forms *-diz, *-tiz, *-siz) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *-tis
- Ancient Greek: -τις (-tis)
  - Attic Greek: -σις (-sis)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-tiš
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-tiṣ
  - Sanskrit: -ति (-ti)
- Proto-Iranian: *-tiš
  - Avestan: -𐬙𐬌 (-ti)
Proto-Italic: *-tis
- Latin: -tim

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Lundquist, Jesse, Yates, Anthony D. (2017–2018) “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Proto-Indo-European, page 2127: “the action/process-noun forming suffix *-ti/tey- regularly attracts the surface accent when suffixed to these roots, i.e. PIE *mn̥-tí- ‘thinking; thought’, *bʰr̥-tí- ‘bearing’”
^ Vine, Brent. 2004. "On PIE full grades in some zero-grade contexts: *-tí-, *-tó-" in Indo-European Word Formation, Proceedings of the Conference held at the University of Copenhagen, October 20th – 22nd 2000, pages 357–379
^ Lundquist, J. (2015), "On the accentuation of Vedic-ti-abstracts: Evidence for accentual change" in: Indo-European Linguistics, 3(1), pages 42-72.
^ Kiparsky, P. (2010), Compositional vs. paradigmatic approaches to accent and ablaut, pages 15-17
^ Kümmel, M. (2014). "Zum “proterokinetischen” Ablaut" in: Das Nomen im Indogogermanischen: Morphologie, Substantiv, versus Adjektiv, Kollektivum, pages 167-169: "Iir. i/u-Stämme, urspr. Endungsanlaut mit Konsonant korreliert mit S(z)"
^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 48

[HCHIEL-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Lundquist, Jesse, Yates, Anthony D. (2017–2018) “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Proto-Indo-European, page 2127: “the action/process-noun forming suffix *-ti/tey- regularly attracts the surface accent when suffixed to these roots, i.e. PIE *mn̥-tí- ‘thinking; thought’, *bʰr̥-tí- ‘bearing’”

[2] Vine, Brent. 2004. "On PIE full grades in some zero-grade contexts: *-tí-, *-tó-" in Indo-European Word Formation, Proceedings of the Conference held at the University of Copenhagen, October 20th – 22nd 2000, pages 357–379

[3] Lundquist, J. (2015), "On the accentuation of Vedic-ti-abstracts: Evidence for accentual change" in: Indo-European Linguistics, 3(1), pages 42-72.

[4] Kiparsky, P. (2010), Compositional vs. paradigmatic approaches to accent and ablaut, pages 15-17

[5] Kümmel, M. (2014). "Zum “proterokinetischen” Ablaut" in: Das Nomen im Indogogermanischen: Morphologie, Substantiv, versus Adjektiv, Kollektivum, pages 167-169: "Iir. i/u-Stämme, urspr. Endungsanlaut mit Konsonant korreliert mit S(z)"

[6] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 48

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