Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kelh₁-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*kelh₁-

1. to call, cry, summon

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kelh₁- (26 c, 0 e)

• *kelh₁-o-
  • Proto-Germanic: *helą
    • Old Norse: hjal (“babbling, chit-chat”)
      • ⇒ Icelandic: hjala (“to babble”)
• *kléh₁-nd-
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *krándati
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *krándati
      • Sanskrit: क्रन्दति (krándati) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *klándati
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *klándati
      • Sanskrit: क्लन्दति (klandati)
• *kl̥h₁-éh₁yeti?
  • Proto-Hellenic: *kəlḗyō
    • Ancient Greek: καλέω (kaléō)
  • Proto-Italic: *kalēō
    • Latin: kalendae
• *kl̥h₁-eh₂yeti
  • Proto-Germanic: *halōną, *hulōną (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *kalāō
    • Latin: calō
• *kel-yo-
  • Proto-Italic: *keliom
    • Latin: (con)cilium
• *kl̥h₁-dō
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: κληδών (klēdṓn)
• *kl̥h₁-d-ti-
  • Proto-Italic: *klāssis
    • Latin: classis (see there for further descendants)
• *kl̥h₁-kl̥h₁-
  • Proto-Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: աքաղաղ (akʻałał), ագաղաղ (agałał), այգաղաղ (aygałał), աքալալ (akʻalal)
      • → Armenian: աքաղաղ (akʻaġaġ)
      • ⇒ Armenian: աքլոր (akʻlor)
• *kl̥h₁-rós
  • Proto-Italic: *klāros
    • Latin: clārus (“loud, clear”) (see there for further descendants)
• *kl̥h₁-meh₂ (?)
  • Proto-Italic: *klāmā
    • ⇒ Latin: clāmō (see there for further descendants)
    • ⇒ Latin: clāmōsus
• *kloh₁-ye-
  • Proto-Germanic: *hlōaną (see there for further descendants)
• *(s)kel- (with s mobile)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Latvian: skaļš (“loud, noisy”)
    • Lithuanian: skãlyti (“to bark, roar, yell, whine”), skalùs (“loud, (of a dog) often barking”), skalìkas (“hound”), kalė̃ (“bitch”)
    • Russian: скули́ть (skulítʹ, “to whine”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *skellaną
    • Middle Dutch: scellen
    • Old High German: skellan
      • Alemannic German: schälle
      • German: schellen (“to sound”)
    • Old Norse: skjalla (“to clash, clatter”) ⇒ skjallr (“loud”)
      • Icelandic: skella (“to crash, bang”), skjalla (“to flatter”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *skaljaną (causative)
    • Old English: scillen
    • Old High German: skellen (“to make sound”)
      • Middle High German: schellen
    • Old Norse: skella
      • Icelandic: skella (“to slamp, slap”)
      • Norwegian: skjelle (“to scold”)
  • Proto-Germanic:
    • Old High German: scal
      • Middle High German: schal
        • German: Schall (“sound, clang”)
    • Middle Dutch: scal
      • Dutch: schal (“a resonating sound or noise”)
    • Swedish: skall (“bark (of a dog or wolf)”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *skellō
    • Old High German: skella
      • Middle High German: schelle
        • German: Schelle (“bell”)
    • Middle Dutch: scelle
      • Dutch: schel
• *(s)kel-dʰ-
  • Proto-Germanic: *skeldaną
    • German: schelten (“to scold”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *skalda- (“skald, poet”) (perhaps)
    • Old Norse: skald
      • Icelandic: skáld
        • → English: scold (“person of ribald speech, clamourous woman”)
• *(s)kol-, *(s)kulu-
  • Old Armenian: ցուլ (cʻul, “bull”)
    • Armenian: ցուլ (cʻul, “bull”)
  • Ancient Greek: σκύλαξ (skúlax, “puppy”), also in the forms κύλλα (kúlla) and σκύλος (skúlos, “puppy, dog”)
  • Ancient Greek: σκύλιον (skúlion, “type of shark”)
  • Ancient Greek: σκύλλα (skúlla, “type of fish”), Σκύλλα (Skúlla, “the Bitch (?)”)
  • Ancient Greek: σκυλλίς (skullís, “vine branch”)
  • Ancient Greek: σκύμνος (skúmnos, “lion cub”) (?)

• Unsorted formations:
  • Proto-Anatolian:
    • Hittite: [script needed] (kalgalinai-, “to clang, clash”), [script needed] (kalleš-, kalliš-, “to evoke, summon”)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Latvian: kaļôt
    • Lithuanian: kalba
    • Proto-Slavic: *kolkolъ
      • Russian: ко́локол (kólokol, “bell”)
  • Proto-Celtic: *kalyākos (“rooster”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *halliz
    • Dutch: hel
      • ⇒ Dutch: helder
        • Afrikaans: helder
    • German: hell
  • Proto-Germanic: *hellaną (see there for further descendants)