Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sed-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*sed- (perfective)^[1]^[2]^[3]

to sit

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *sed- (57 c, 0 e)

*sédt ~ *sdént (athematic root aorist)
*sí-sd-e-ti (thematic i-reduplicated present)
*séd-e-ti (thematic root present)
- Proto-Celtic: *sedeti (see there for further descendants)
*sed-s- (sigmatic aorist)
- ⇒ Old Armenian: հեծանիմ (hecanim)
  - Armenian: հեծնել (hecnel)
*séd-ye-ti (ye-present)
*sod-éye-ti (“to set”, causative)
*sed-éh₁-ye-ti (eh₁-stative)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sēdḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *sedēō < earlier *sedējō (see there for further descendants)
*sed-éh₂-ye-ti (eh₂-factitive)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sēdā́ˀtei
  - Proto-Slavic: *sědati
    - Czech: sedat
    - Polish: siadać
    - Serbo-Croatian: sedati, sjedati
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: sēdō (see there for further descendants)
*se-sód-e ~ *se-sd-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)^[2]
- Proto-Germanic: *sat, *sētun (3sg. and 3pl. past of *sitjaną)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sasā́da
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sasā́da
    - Sanskrit: ससाद (sasā́da)
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬵𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬌𐬌𐬁𐬝 (hazdiiāt̰, 3sg.opt.)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: sēdī
*ḱye-sd-é-ti (< perhaps originally meaning sit/set here)
- Proto-Italic: *kezdō
  - Latin: cēdō (see there for further descendants)
*sēd-s, *sed-es (root noun)^[4]
- ⇒? Proto-Italic: *sēdis
  - Latin: sēdēs (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ Latin: (dē)ses, (prae)ses
*sed-ti-
- Proto-Hellenic: *hétstis
  - Ancient Greek: ἕσις (hésis)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: sessiō (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sḗˀstei (see there for further descendants)
*séd-os ~ *séd-es
- Proto-Hellenic: *hédos
  - Ancient Greek: ἕδος (hédos)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sádas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sádas
    - Sanskrit: सदस् (sádas)
- Welsh: hedd (“peace”)
- Proto-Germanic: *setiz (“seat”)
  - Old Norse: setr (“seat, residence”)
  - Old English: set (“seat”)
*sod-ó- (< with affected meanings perhaps similar to set out)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *xodъ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *hodós
  - Ancient Greek: ὁδός (hodós)
    - Greek: οδός (odós)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *sādás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *sādás
    - Sanskrit: साद (sādá)
- Proto-Germanic: *satą
  - Old English: gesæt (“sitting”)
*sōd-o-
- Welsh: sawdd (“sinking, immersion”)
- Proto-Germanic: *sōtą (“soot”) (see there for further descendants)
*sod-yom (“seat”)
- Proto-Celtic: *sodyom
  - Old Irish: suide
    - Irish: suí
    - Scottish Gaelic: suidhe
  - Welsh: sedd
- Proto-Italic: *sodjom
  - Latin: solium (“throne, bath-tub, sarcophagus”) (see there for further descendants)
*sod-dʰo-s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *sādas
  - Lithuanian: sodas
  - Proto-Slavic: *sadъ (“grove; garden”)
*sed-lo- (“seat”)^[5]
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ետղ (etł), տեղ (teł)
- Proto-Celtic: *sedlom (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *setlaz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *héllā
  - Ancient Greek: ἕλλα (hélla)
- Proto-Italic: *sedlā
  - Latin: sella (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Slavic: *sědlo (see there for further descendants)
*sé(d)-tlom
- Proto-Germanic: *seþlą
  - Proto-West Germanic: *seþl (“seat, sitting”) (see there for further descendants)
*sed-tlóm ~ *sed-tróm
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *satˢtrám (“sacrificial gathering”) (see there for further descendants)
*sod-tlō-
- Proto-Germanic: *sadulaz (see there for further descendants)
*sed-tós (“seated”) (see there for further descendants)
*sed-ro-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: -εδρος (-edros), ἕδρα (hédra)
*sed-yeh₂
- Proto-Albanian: *sedjā
  - Albanian: gjazë (“riverside forest”)
*ni-sd-ós (“nest”)
*pí-sd-eh₂ (“vulva”)
Unsorted formations:
- Armenian:
  - (possibly) Old Armenian: զիստ (zist)
  - (possibly) Old Armenian: առիճ (aṙič)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: segli
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἱδρύω (hidrúō)
- Proto-Germanic: *sētiz (“possible to sit on”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *sētō (“place, position; ambush”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *sētiją (“seat”)
  - Old Norse: sæti (“seat”)
  - Old English: sǣte (“seat”) (possibly borrowed from Old Norse)

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Proto-Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: सद् (sad)

References

^ Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 590-600
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*sed-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 513-15
^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “*sedeō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
^ Olsen, Birgit Anette (1988) The Proto-Indo-European Instrument Noun Suffix *-tlom and its Variants (Historisk-filosofiske Meddelelser; 55), Copenhagen: Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, →ISBN, page 13: “2.7. *sed-lah₂ (and *sed-lo-) “seat””

[1] Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 590-600

[LIV-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*sed-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 513-15

[3] Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[4] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “*sedeō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

[Olsen-5] Olsen, Birgit Anette (1988) The Proto-Indo-European Instrument Noun Suffix *-tlom and its Variants (Historisk-filosofiske Meddelelser; 55), Copenhagen: Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, →ISBN, page 13: “2.7. *sed-lah₂ (and *sed-lo-) “seat””

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