Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/ōrāō
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This Proto-Italic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Italic
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Indo-European *h₂er-, related to Attic Greek ἀρά (ará, “prayer”), and Sanskrit आर्यन्ति (āryanti, “praise”). There may have been a base root noun *ōr this verb was built upon.[1]
Verb
edit*ōrāō
Conjugation
edit| Inflection of *ōrāō (first conjugation) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Present | *ōrāō | |
| Perfect | — | |
| Aorist | — | |
| Past participle | *ōrātos | |
| Present indicative | Active | Passive |
| 1st sing. | *ōrāō | *ōrāōr |
| 2nd sing. | *ōrās | *ōrāzo |
| 3rd sing. | *ōrāt | *ōrātor |
| 1st plur. | *ōrāmos | *ōrāmor |
| 2nd plur. | *ōrātes | *ōrām(e?)n(ai?) |
| 3rd plur. | *ōrānt | *ōrāntor |
| Present subjunctive | Active | Passive |
| 1st sing. | *ōrāēm? | *ōrāēr? |
| 2nd sing. | *ōrāēs? | *ōrāēzo? |
| 3rd sing. | *ōrāēd? | *ōrāētor? |
| 1st plur. | *ōrāēmos? | *ōrāēmor? |
| 2nd plur. | *ōrāētes? | *ōrāēm(e?)n(ai?)? |
| 3rd plur. | *ōrāēnd? | *ōrāēntor? |
| Perfect indicative | Active | |
| 1st sing. | — | |
| 2nd sing. | — | |
| 3rd sing. | — | |
| 1st plur. | — | |
| 2nd plur. | — | |
| 3rd plur. | — | |
| Aorist indicative | Active | |
| 1st sing. | — | |
| 2nd sing. | — | |
| 3rd sing. | — | |
| 1st plur. | — | |
| 2nd plur. | — | |
| 3rd plur. | — | |
| Present imperative | Active | Passive |
| 2nd sing. | *ōrā | *ōrāzo |
| 2nd plur. | *ōrāte | — |
| Future imperative | Active | |
| 2nd + 3rd sing. | *ōrātōd | |
| Participles | Present | Past |
| *ōrānts | *ōrātos | |
| Verbal nouns | tu-derivative | s-derivative |
| *ōrātum | *ōrāzi | |
Reconstructed
edit- Oscan urust is usually explained as derived via a reduplicated perfect which was weak-suppletively attached to this 1st-conjugation verb.[2]
- Faliscan 𐌖𐌓𐌀𐌕𐌄 (urate) is connected here by Pisani; the identification as a simple imperative of this denominative verb is due to Bakkum.[3]
- Connecting Latin ōrō to here is quite popular nowadays, accepted by Schrijver,[4] Kümmel,[2] Rix and Zair;[1] but De Vaan rejects this in favour of a derivation from ōs (“mouth”) (which cannot yield the Oscan form since Oscan did not undergo rhotacism).[5]
Descendants
edit- Latino-Faliscan:
- Sabellic:
- Oscan: urust (3sg. fut. perf.)
References
edit- ↑ 1.0 1.1 McDonald, Katherine, Zair, Nicholas (2012) “Oscan ϝουρουστ and the Roccagloriosa law tablet”, in Incontri Linguistici, volume 35, page 34
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 271
- ^ Bakkum, Gabriël C.L.M. (2009) The Latin dialect of the Ager Faliscus: 150 years of scholarship, Amsterdam University Press, page 172
- ^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 34
- ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 435-436