Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/čęstъ

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/čęstь

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Originally participle, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *kimśto-, from Proto-Indo-European *kmḱ-to-, from *kemḱ-. Equivalent to **čęsti +‎ *-tъ.

Cognate with Lithuanian kim̃štas (“packed, stuffed”) (< kim̃šti, kemšù).

Adjective

*čę̑stъ (comparative *čęsťьjь)^[1]^[2]

frequent, dense
Synonym: *gǫstъ

Antonym: *rědъkъ

Declension

Indefinite declension of *čęstъ (hard, accent paradigm c)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*čęstъ	*čęsta	*čęsto
genitive	*čęsta	*čęsty	*čęsta
dative	*čęstu	*čęstě	*čęstu
accusative	*čęstъ	*čęstǫ	*čęsto
instrumental	*čęstomь	*čęstojǫ	*čęstomь
locative	*čęstě	*čęstě	*čęstě
vocative	*čęste	*čęsto	*čęsto
dual	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*čęsta	*čęstě	*čęstě
genitive	*čęstu	*čęstu	*čęstu
dative	*čęstoma	*čęstama	*čęstoma
accusative	*čęsta	*čęstě	*čęstě
instrumental	*čęstoma	*čęstama	*čęstoma
locative	*čęstu	*čęstu	*čęstu
vocative	*čęsta	*čęstě	*čęstě
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*čęsti	*čęsty	*čęsta
genitive	*čęstъ	*čęstъ	*čęstъ
dative	*čęstomъ	*čęstamъ	*čęstomъ
accusative	*čęsty	*čęsty	*čęsta
instrumental	*čęsty	*čęstami	*čęsty
locative	*čęstěxъ	*čęstaxъ	*čęstěxъ
vocative	*čęsti	*čęsty	*čęsta

Definite declension of *čęstъ (hard, accent paradigm c)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*čęstъjь	*čęstaja	*čęstoje
genitive	*čęstajego	*čęstyję̇	*čęstajego
dative	*čęstujemu	*čęstěji	*čęstujemu
accusative	*čęstъjь	*čęstǫjǫ	*čęstoje
instrumental	*čęstyjimь	*čęstǫjǫ	*čęstyjimь
locative	*čęstějemь	*čęstěji	*čęstějemь
vocative	*čęstъjь	*čęstaja	*čęstoje
dual	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*čęstaja	*čęstěji	*čęstěji
genitive	*čęstuju	*čęstuju	*čęstuju
dative	*čęstyjima	*čęstyjima	*čęstyjima
accusative	*čęstaja	*čęstěji	*čęstěji
instrumental	*čęstyjima	*čęstyjima	*čęstyjima
locative	*čęstuju	*čęstuju	*čęstuju
vocative	*čęstaja	*čęstěji	*čęstěji
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*čęstiji	*čęstyję̇	*čęstaja
genitive	*čęstъjixъ	*čęstъjixъ	*čęstъjixъ
dative	*čęstyjimъ	*čęstyjimъ	*čęstyjimъ
accusative	*čęstyję̇	*čęstyję̇	*čęstaja
instrumental	*čęstyjimi	*čęstyjimi	*čęstyjimi
locative	*čęstyjixъ	*čęstyjixъ	*čęstyjixъ
vocative	*čęstiji	*čęstyję̇	*čęstaja

Derived terms

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Belarusian: ча́сты (částy)
- Russian: ча́стый (částyj)
- Ukrainian: ча́стий (částyj)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Old Cyrillic script: чѧстъ (čęstŭ)
  
  Glagolitic script: ⱍⱔⱄⱅⱏ (čęstŭ)
- Bulgarian: чест (čest)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: че̑ст
  
  Latin script: čȇst
- Slovene: čest
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: častý
  - Czech: častý
- Old Polish: częsty
  - Polish: często
  - Silesian: czynsty
- Pomeranian:
  - Kashubian: czãsti
  - Slovincian: czãsty
- Sorbian:
  - Lower Sorbian: cesty
  - Upper Sorbian: časty

References

^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “čęstъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 88: “adj. o (c) ‘frequent, dense’”
^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “čęstъ čęsta čęsto”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎^[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c tæt, hyppig (SA 111, 188; PR 138)”

[1] Derksen, Rick (2008) “čęstъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 88: “adj. o (c) ‘frequent, dense’”

[2] Olander, Thomas (2001) “čęstъ čęsta čęsto”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎^[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “c tæt, hyppig (SA 111, 188; PR 138)”

[1]

[2]