Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/že

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ge, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰe (“emphatic particle”), cognate with Sanskrit घ (gha, “at least, at any rate”) and akin to Sanskrit हि (hi, “for, on account of, indeed”).

Conjunction

*že

1. so that, since
2. intensifying or emphatic particle

Derived terms

• *jь že (“who/which”)
• *(j)uže (“already, no longer”)
• *tako že (“also, therefore”)
• *to že (“so that”)
• *čьto že (“what then, well then”)
• *tъjьžedьnь/*tъjьžьdьnь (“week”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: же (že)
    • Old Ruthenian: же (že)
      • Belarusian: жа (ža)
      • Carpathian Rusyn: же (že)
      • Ukrainian: же (že), ж (ž)
    • Russian: же (že), ж (ž)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic script: же (že)

    Glagolitic script: ⰶⰵ (že)

    • Bulgarian: че (če)
  • Serbo-Croatian: (archaic, only survives as non-productive suffix)

    Cyrillic script: ре

    Latin script: re

  • Slovene: re (archaic, only survives as non-productive suffix)
• West Slavic:
  • Kashubian: że
  • Old Czech: že, ježe, eže, ež
    • Czech: že
  • Old Polish: że
    • Polish: że
    • Silesian: że
  • Old Slovak: že
    • Pannonian Rusyn: же (že)
    • Slovak: že
  • Sorbian:
    • Lower Sorbian: že (archaic)

Further reading

• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*jь (že), *ja (že), *je (že)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 204
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*ju že”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 191

Particle

*že

1. emphatic enclitic

Derived terms

• *da že (“even so”)
• *poňe že (“since, because”)

Further reading

• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1977), “*da že”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 4 (*čaběniti – *děľa), Moscow: Nauka, page 181
• Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “-же”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 528