Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-tva

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From a-extension of supine *-tъ (u-stem). Or from Proto-Balto-Slavic *twāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *-tu-eh₂; compare Gothic -𐌸𐍅𐌰 (-þwa), -𐌸𐍅𐍉𐍃 (-þwōs) and Sanskrit -त्व (-tva), -त्वा (-tvā).

Compare also Lithuanian milžtuvė̃, Lietuvà (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?).

Suffix

*-tva f

1. Deverbative, forming nouns denoting an act, state, result.

   Synonyms: *-ьje, *-ьba, *-ъ

   *pasti (“to graze”) → *pastva (“flock”)

   *klęti (“to curse”) → *klętva (“curse”)

   *orati (“to plow”) → *oratva (“plowing”)

   *modliti (“to pray”) → *modlitva (“prayer”)

   *sěti (“to sow”) → *sětva (“sowing”)

   *žęti (“to reap, harvest”) → *žętva (“harvest”)

2. Deverbative, forming nouns denoting a tool.

   Synonym: *-dlo

   *briti (“to shave”) → *britva (“razor”)

Declension

Declension of *-tva (hard a-stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-tva	*-tvě	*-tvy
genitive	*-tvy	*-tvu	*-tvъ
dative	*-tvě	*-tvama	*-tvamъ
accusative	*-tvǫ	*-tvě	*-tvy
instrumental	*-tvojǫ, *-tvǫ**	*-tvama	*-tvami
locative	*-tvě	*-tvu	*-tvasъ, *-tvaxъ*
vocative	*-tvo	*-tvě	*-tvy

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Alternative forms

• *-tьba (under influence of *-ьba)
• *-tvь, *-tvo

See also

• *-ьstvo, *-tь

Derived terms

Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-tva

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: -тва (-tva)
    • Belarusian: -тва (-tva)
    • Russian: -тва (-tva)
    • Ukrainian: -тва (-tva)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic script: -тва (-tva)

    Glagolitic script: -ⱅⰲⰰ (-tva)

  • Bulgarian: -тва (-tva)
  • Macedonian: -тва (-tva)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: -тва

    Latin script: -tva

  • Slovene: -tev (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Czech: -tva
  • Polish: -twa
  • Slovak: -tva
  • Slovincian: -tva
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: -twa
    • Lower Sorbian: -twa

Further reading

• Šekli, Matej (2012) “Besedotvorni pomeni samostalniških izpeljank v praslovanščini”, in Philological Studies‎^[1] (in Slovene), volume 10, number 1, Skopje, Perm, Ljubljana, Zagreb, pages 115–32
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “*gubitva”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 166
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1988), “*litva”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 15 (*lětina – *lokačь), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 159
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1992), “*melztva”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 18 (*matoga – *mękyšьka), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 96
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1992), “*meltva”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 18 (*matoga – *mękyšьka), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 91
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*jat(ъ)va”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 183
• Sreznevsky, Izmail I. (1902) “приꙗти”, in Матеріалы для Словаря древне-русскаго языка по письменнымъ памятникамъ [Materials for the Dictionary of the Old East Slavic Language Based on Written Monuments]‎^[2] (in Russian), volume 2 (Л – П), Saint Petersburg: Department of Russian Language and Literature of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, column 1502
• Varbot Ž. Ž. (1976) “Вариантность суффиксальной структуры в однокоренных славянских именах и реконструкция праславянского лексического фонда”, in Вопросы языкознания, number 6, Moscow: Nauka, page 33