Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/drugъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *draugás, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to serve one's tribe”). Derksen considers the connection with Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to deceive”) dubious.

Adjective

*drȗgъ

1. other
2. second

Inflection

Accent paradigm c.

Indefinite declension of *drugъ (hard)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*drugъ	*druga	*drugo
genitive	*druga	*drugy	*druga
dative	*drugu	*drudzě	*drugu
accusative	*drugъ	*drugǫ	*drugo
instrumental	*drugomь	*drugojǫ	*drugomь
locative	*drudzě	*drudzě	*drudzě
vocative	*druže	*drugo	*drugo
dual	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*druga	*drudzě	*drudzě
genitive	*drugu	*drugu	*drugu
dative	*drugoma	*drugama	*drugoma
accusative	*druga	*drudzě	*drudzě
instrumental	*drugoma	*drugama	*drugoma
locative	*drugu	*drugu	*drugu
vocative	*druga	*drudzě	*drudzě
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*drudzi	*drugy	*druga
genitive	*drugъ	*drugъ	*drugъ
dative	*drugomъ	*drugamъ	*drugomъ
accusative	*drugy	*drugy	*druga
instrumental	*drugy	*drugami	*drugy
locative	*drudzěxъ	*drugaxъ	*drudzěxъ
vocative	*drudzi	*drugy	*druga

Definite declension of *drugъ (hard)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*drugъjь	*drugaja	*drugoje
genitive	*drugajego	*drugyję̇	*drugajego
dative	*drugujemu	*drudzěji	*drugujemu
accusative	*drugъjь	*drugǫjǫ	*drugoje
instrumental	*drugyjimь	*drugǫjǫ	*drugyjimь
locative	*drudzějemь	*drudzěji	*drudzějemь
vocative	*drugъjь	*drugaja	*drugoje
dual	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*drugaja	*drudzěji	*drudzěji
genitive	*druguju	*druguju	*druguju
dative	*drugyjima	*drugyjima	*drugyjima
accusative	*drugaja	*drudzěji	*drudzěji
instrumental	*drugyjima	*drugyjima	*drugyjima
locative	*druguju	*druguju	*druguju
vocative	*drugaja	*drudzěji	*drudzěji
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*drudziji	*drugyję̇	*drugaja
genitive	*drugъjixъ	*drugъjixъ	*drugъjixъ
dative	*drugyjimъ	*drugyjimъ	*drugyjimъ
accusative	*drugyję̇	*drugyję̇	*drugaja
instrumental	*drugyjimi	*drugyjimi	*drugyjimi
locative	*drugyjixъ	*drugyjixъ	*drugyjixъ
vocative	*drudziji	*drugyję̇	*drugaja

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: другъ (drugŭ), дру́гыи (drúgyi)
    • Old Ruthenian: дру́гїй (drúhij), дру́гый (drúhyj)
      • Belarusian: другі́ (druhí)
      • Carpathian Rusyn: дру́гый (drúhŷj)
      • Ukrainian: дру́гий (drúhyj)
    • Middle Russian: дру́гы́й (drúgýj)
      • Russian: друго́й (drugój), дру́гий (drúgij)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Cyrillic: дроугъ (drugŭ)

    Glagolitic: ⰴⱃⱆⰳⱏ (drugŭ)

  • Bulgarian: друг (drug)
  • Macedonian: друг (drug)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: дру̏гӣ

    Latin script: drȕgī

  • Slovene: drȗg (“other”) (tonal orthography); drūgi (“second”) (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: druhý
    • Czech: druhý
  • Old Polish: drugi
    • Polish: drugi
    • Silesian: drugi
  • Old Slovak: druhý
    • Slovak: druhý
  • Polabian: draug, drauďĕ
  • Pomeranian:
    • Kashubian: drëdżi
    • Slovincian: drëgjy
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: druhi
    • Lower Sorbian: drugi

Noun

*drȗgъ m

2. friend, companion

   Synonym: *prijàteľь

Inflection

Declension of *drȗgъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm c)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*drȗgъ	*drȗga	*drȗdzi
genitive	*drȗga	*drugù	*drũgъ
dative	*drȗgu	*drugomà	*drugòmъ
accusative	*drȗgъ	*drȗga	*drȗgy
instrumental	*drȗgъmь, *drȗgomь*	*drugomà	*drugý
locative	*drȗdzě	*drugù	*drudzě̃xъ
vocative	*druže	*drȗga	*drȗdzi

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Derived terms

• *drugarь (“male friend, companion”)
• *druža
• *družica / *družika (“female friend, companion”)
• *družiti (“to be friends”)
• *družь
• *družьba (“friendship”)
• *družьka (“female friend, companion”)
• *družьnъ (“friendly”)
• *družьstvo (“society, community, association, partnership, company”)
• *družìna (“company, fellowship”)

 

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: другъ (drugŭ)
    • Old Ruthenian: другъ (druh)
      • Belarusian: друг (druh)
      • Ukrainian: друг (druh)
        • → Polish: druh
    • Russian: друг (drug)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Cyrillic: дроугъ (drugŭ)

    Glagolitic: ⰴⱃⱆⰳⱏ (drugŭ)

  • Bulgarian: друг (drug) (dialectal, obsolete)
    • ⇒ Bulgarian: друга́р (drugár)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: дру̑г

    Latin script: drȗg

  • Slovene: drȗg (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: druh
    • Czech: druh
  • Kashubian: drëch
  • Old Polish: drug
    • Polish: drug
  • Slovak: druh
  • Sorbian:
    • Lower Sorbian: drug

Further reading

• “draugas”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012
• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “друг”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Chernykh, P. Ja. (1993) “друг”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), 3rd edition, volume 1 (а – пантомима), Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 270
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1978), “*drugъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 5 (*dělo – *dьržьlь), Moscow: Nauka, page 131
• Smoczyński, Wojciech (2007) “draũgas”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka litewskiego‎^[3] (in Polish), Vilnius: Uniwersytet Wileński, page 119f