Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/duxъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *dausas, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰews-, variant of *dʰwes-. Cognate with Lithuanian daũsos f pl (“air”), Proto-Germanic *deuzą (“animal”).

Noun

*dȗxъ m

1. gust (of wind)
2. breath (especially as manifestation of the life)

   bezъ ducha byti ― to be dead, not alive

   jьspustiti/vypustiti ducha ― to die

3. soul
4. spirit

   zъlъ duxъ ― evil spirit

Declension

Declension of *dȗxъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm c)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dȗxъ	*dȗxa	*dȗśi
genitive	*dȗxa	*duxù	*dũxъ
dative	*dȗxu	*duxomà	*duxòmъ
accusative	*dȗxъ	*dȗxa	*dȗxy
instrumental	*dȗxъmь, *dȗxomь*	*duxomà	*duxý
locative	*dȗśě	*duxù	*duśě̃xъ
vocative	*duše	*dȗxa	*dȗśi

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

See also

• *duti (“to inflate, to swell”), *dunǫti (“to blow off”)
• *dymъ (“smoke”), *dymati (“to smoke”)

Related terms

• *duxati (“to blow”), *duxnǫti (“to blow up”), *dušiti (“to suffocate”)
• *dyšati (“to breath”), *dъxnǫti (“to breath, to inhale”), *dъxъ (“breath”)
• *dyxati (“to breath”), *dyxъ (“whiff”), *dyxъtěti
• *podušьka
• *duxъna (“feather-bedspread”)

Derived terms

• *duxota (“immateriality, transcendence”)
• *zaduxъ (“asthma, shortness of air”)
• *vъzduxъ (“air”)
• *dušiti (“to sniff, to scent”)
• *duša (“soul”)
  • *bezdušьnъ (“heartless, soulless”)
• *duxovъ (“aerial, spiritual”)
  • *duxovьnostь (“spirituality”)
  • *duxovьnikъ (“cleric”)
  • *duxovitъ (“with high spirit”)
• *oduxotvoriti (“to enchant”) < *duxъ +‎ *tvoriti (“to create”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: духъ (duxŭ, “air”)
    • Belarusian: дух (dux)
    • Russian: дух (dux)
    • Carpathian Rusyn: дух (dux)
    • Ukrainian: дух (dux)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic script: доухъ (duxŭ)

    Glagolitic script: ⰴⱆⱈⱏ (duxŭ)

  • Bulgarian: дух (duh)
  • Macedonian: дух (duh)
  • Serbo-Croatian: dȕh, ду̏х
  • Slovene: dȗh (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: duch
    • Czech: duch
      • Bohemian (Chod dialect): duch
  • Kashubian: dëch
  • Polish: duch
  • Slovak: duch
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: duch
    • Lower Sorbian: duch

• Non-Slavic:
  • → Hungarian: doh
  • → Romanian: duh