Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/pěna

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *(s)páiˀnāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)poH(y)-. Cognate with Lithuanian spáinė, Old Prussian sроауnо, Sanskrit फेन (phéna), English foam.

Noun

*pě̀na or *pěnà f^[1]^[2]

foam

Inflection

Declension of *pě̀na (hard a-stem, accent paradigm a)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*pě̀na	*pě̀ně	*pě̀ny
genitive	*pě̀ny	*pě̀nu	*pě̀nъ
dative	*pě̀ně	*pě̀nama	*pě̀namъ
accusative	*pě̀nǫ	*pě̀ně	*pě̀ny
instrumental	pě̀nojǫ, pě̀nǭ^**	*pě̀nama	*pě̀namī
locative	*pě̀ně	*pě̀nu	pě̀nasъ, pě̀naxъ^*
vocative	*pě̀no	*pě̀ně	*pě̀ny

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Declension of *pěnà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm c)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*pěnà	*pě̑ně	*pě̑ny
genitive	*pěný	*pěnù	*pě̃nъ
dative	*pěně̀	*pěnàma	*pěnàmъ
accusative	*pě̑nǫ	*pě̑ně	*pě̑ny
instrumental	*pěnojǫ́	*pěnàma	*pěnàmi
locative	*pě̑ně	*pěnù	pěnàsъ, pěnàxъ^*
vocative	*pěno	*pě̑ně	*pě̑ny

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.

Secondarily

Declension of *pě̄nà (hard a-stem, accent paradigm b)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*pě̄nà	*pě̃ně	*pě̄nỳ
genitive	*pě̄nỳ	*pě̄nù	*pě̃nъ
dative	*pě̄ně̀	*pě̄nàma	*pě̄nàmъ
accusative	*pě̄nǫ̀	*pě̃ně	*pě̄nỳ
instrumental	pě̄nòjǫ, pě̃nǫ^**	*pě̄nàma	*pě̄nàmī
locative	*pě̄ně̀	*pě̄nù	pě̄nàsъ, pě̄nàxъ^*
vocative	*pěno	*pě̃ně	*pě̄nỳ

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: пѣна (pěna)
  - Belarusian: пе́на (pjéna)
  - Russian: пе́на (péna), dial. пена́ (pená)
  - Ukrainian: пі́на (pína)
  - Carpathian Rusyn: піна (pina)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Cyrillic: пѣна (pěna)
  
  Glagolitic: ⱂⱑⱀⰰ (pěna)
- Bulgarian: пя́на (pjána)
- Macedonian: пена (pena)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: пе̏на, пи̏на, пје̏на
  
  Latin: pȅna, pȉna, pjȅna
  - Chakavian (Vrgada): pȉna
  - Chakavian (Orbanići): pȅna
  - Kajkavian (Bednja): pȅno
- Slovene: pẹ́na (tonal orthography)
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: pěna
  - Czech: pěna
    - Bohemian (Chod dialect): pína
- Polish: piana
- Slovak: pena
- Sorbian:
  - Upper Sorbian: pěna
  - Lower Sorbian: pěna

- → Yiddish: פּינע (pine), פּיאַנע (pyane)

References

^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pě̀na”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 397: “f. ā (a) ‘foam’”
^ Nikolajev, S. L. (2012) “Vostočnoslavjanskije refleksy akcentnoj paradigmy d i indojevropejskije sootvetstvija slavjanskim akcentnym tipam suščestvitelʹnyx mužskovo roda s o- i u-osnovami*”, in Karpato-balkanskij dialektnyj landšaft: Jazyk i kulʹtura‎^[1] (in Russian), volume 2, Moscow: Institute for Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, page 39: “*pě̋na, *pěna̋”

[1] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*pě̀na”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 397: “f. ā (a) ‘foam’”

[2] Nikolajev, S. L. (2012) “Vostočnoslavjanskije refleksy akcentnoj paradigmy d i indojevropejskije sootvetstvija slavjanskim akcentnym tipam suščestvitelʹnyx mužskovo roda s o- i u-osnovami*”, in Karpato-balkanskij dialektnyj landšaft: Jazyk i kulʹtura‎^[1] (in Russian), volume 2, Moscow: Institute for Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, page 39: “*pě̋na, *pěna̋”

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