Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/perti

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

• Per Derksen, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *pertei, from Proto-Indo-European *per-. Baltic cognates include Lithuanian per̃ti (“to beat with a broom (in a bath)”), and wider Indo-European cognates include Sanskrit पृत् (pṛt), पृतन (pṛ́tana), पृतना (pṛ́tanā, “struggle, dispute, battle”), Old Armenian հարկանեմ (harkanem, “to beat”).
• Per Vasmer, cognates also include Latvian pḕrt (“to beat, to pound”), pirêtiês (“to quarrel”), Avestan 𐬞𐬆𐬱𐬀𐬥𐬀 (pəšana, “battle”), 𐬞𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬀𐬥𐬙𐬉 (pər^ətantē, “they are fighting”), Sanskrit परि (parí), परिन् (parin, “enemy”), Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬭- (par-, “stand in the way”). Vasmer also includes various cognates beginning with *sp- that may reflect a separate Indo-European root *sperH- or *perH: Lithuanian spìrti (“to prop up”), 1sg. Lithuanian spiriù and Lithuanian ãtsparas (“support, stand”), and wider Indo-European cognates Latin spernō (“to spurn”), English spurn, Sanskrit स्फुरति (sphuráti, “to kick away, to shudder”), Avestan 𐬯𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (sparaⁱti, “to trample, to push”).

Vasmer treats the Russian meanings "to move, to travel" as belonging to an entirely separate homophonous verb, also found in Old Church Slavonic перѫтъ (perǫtŭ, “they fly”), but this form more correctly stems from the Proto-Slavic verb *pьrati (“to fly”), and the Russian meanings are colloquial and likely to be extensions of the underlying meaning "to drag".

Verb

*pérti impf

1. to push, to press
2. to oppose

   → to quarrel, deny, renounce

Inflection

Conjugation of *perti, *per, *pьretь (impf., -C-, s-aorist, accent paradigm c)

Verbal noun	Infinitive	Supine	L-participle
*pьrtьje	*perti	*pertъ	*pьrlъ

	Participles
Tense	Past	Present
Passive	*pьrtъ	*pьromъ
Active	*pьrъ	*pьry

	Aorist			Present
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*perxъ	*per	*per	*pьrǫ	*pьreši	*pьretь
Dual	*perxově	*persta	*perste	*pьrevě	*pьreta	*pьrete
Plural	*perxomъ	*perste	*peršę	*pьremъ	*pьrete	*pьrǫtь
	Imperfect			Imperative
Person	1st	2nd	3rd	1st	2nd	3rd
Singular	*pьrěaxъ	*pьrěaše	*pьrěaše	—	*pьri	*pьri
Dual	*pьrěaxově	*pьrěašeta	*pьrěašete	*pьrěvě	*pьrěta	—
Plural	*pьrěaxomъ	*pьrěašete	*pьrěaxǫ	*pьrěmъ	*pьrěte	—

Notes:
• (*)*pьrenъ is doublet of past passive participle

• Intensive derivative: *-pirati

Related terms

• *pьrati (“to beat, to trample, to wash”)
• *pьrěti (“to quarrel, to deny, to renounce”)
• *pertiti (“to order, to forbid, to threaten”)
• *pъrtiti (“to expire”)
• *portiti (“to propel, to send”)
• *opora (“support, basis, foothold”)
• *perkъ (“direct”)
• *pertъ (“trim, arranged”)
• *pьrtь (“bathhouse”)
• *sъporъ (“conflict, dispute”)

Derived terms

• *otъperti (“to detain”)
• *zaperti (“to lock, to detain”)
• *sъperti (“to stop”)
• *jьzperti (“to beat, to strike”)
• *naperti (“to push, to agitate”)
• *uperti (“to resist, to restrain”)
• *orzperti (“to spread”)
• *operti (“to recline, to lean”)
• *podъperti (“to support”)
• *doperti (“to bring together, to touch”)
• *perperti (“to apply”)
• *priperti (“to connect”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic:
    • Belarusian: пе́рці (pjérci), 1sg. пру (pru)
    • Russian: пере́ть (perétʹ, “to push, to drag; (colloquial) to move, to travel”), 1sg. пру (pru), 3sg. прёт (prjot)
    • Ukrainian: пе́рти (pérty), 1sg. пру (pru)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Cyrillic: прѣти (prěti, “to quarrel”), 1sg. пьрѫ (pĭrǫ)

    Glagolitic: [Term?]

  • Bulgarian: запра́ (zaprá), запи́рам (zapíram, “to detain, to prohibit”)
  • Macedonian: запре (zapre, “to stop”)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: за̀пре̄ти (“to bar, to lock”), 1sg. за̏пре̄м

    Latin: zàprēti (“to bar, to lock”), 1sg. zȁprēm

  • Slovene: zaprẹ́ti (“to bar, to lock”) (tonal orthography), 1sg. zaprȅm (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: přieti sě (“to challenge”)
    • Czech: přít se (“to quarrel”), 1sg. pru se, přu se; (obsolete) přít (“to deny, to renounce”), 1sg. přu, přím; zapřít (“to enclose, to obstruct”), 1sg. zapru
  • Polish: przeć (“to push, to press (on)”), 1sg. prę
  • Slovak: zaprieť
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: prěć (“to refuse, to renounce”)
    • Lower Sorbian: pŕěś (“to refuse, to renounce”)

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “пере́ть”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Duridanov, I. V., Racheva, M., Todorov, T. A., editors (1996), “пръ се”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 5 (падѐж – пỳска), Sofia: Prof. Marin Drinov Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 812