Template:uk-ndecl
- The following documentation is located at Template:uk-ndecl/documentation. [edit]
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Parameters
Normally there is only one parameter to specify, e.g. for бана́н (banán, “banana”):
{{uk-ndecl|бана́н<>}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | бана́н banán |
бана́ни banány |
| genitive | бана́на banána |
бана́нів banániv |
| dative | бана́нові, бана́ну banánovi, banánu |
бана́нам banánam |
| accusative | бана́н banán |
бана́ни banány |
| instrumental | бана́ном banánom |
бана́нами banánamy |
| locative | бана́ні banáni |
бана́нах banánax |
| vocative | бана́не banáne |
бана́ни banány |
Note that the lemma is given followed by angle brackets, and an accent needs to be placed on the appropriate syllable (it can be omitted in monosyllabic words). In some cases, properties need to be given inside of angle brackets, for example for брат (brat, “brother”):
{{uk-ndecl|брат<b.pr>}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | брат brat |
брати́ bratý |
| genitive | брата́ bratá |
браті́в bratív |
| dative | брато́ві, брату́ bratóvi, bratú |
брата́м bratám |
| accusative | брата́ bratá |
браті́в bratív |
| instrumental | брато́м bratóm |
брата́ми bratámy |
| locative | брато́ві, браті́ bratóvi, bratí |
брата́х bratáx |
| vocative | бра́те bráte |
брати́ bratý |
Here, we specify two properties: b (a stress pattern indicator, in this case specifying that the noun is end-stressed, i.e. the stress is on the endings rather than the stem) and pr (indicating that this is a personal noun, where the accusative is the same as the genitive rather than the nominative).
The general format is the accented noun lemma (the nominative singular, or nominative plural for plural-only nouns), followed by a spec in angle brackets. The format of the spec is
<PROP.PROP.PROP...>
i.e. one or more properties, separated by periods. All properties are optional. The following properties are recognized:
- Gender:
Mfor masculine,Ffor feminine,MFfor nouns that can be either masculine or feminine,Nfor neuter. Most of the time this isn't needed, but it's required for certain nouns (e.g. most nouns ending in -ь and some nouns ending in -я) to determine the correct declension type. Note that the gender must be given capitalized. - Stress pattern:
a,b,c,d,d',e,forf'. These are based on Zaliznyak's Russian-language patterns. Multiple comma-separated stress patterns can be given. See below for more information. - Reducibility:
*to indicate an alternation between a vowel (one of о, е, є or occasionally і) and no vowel in the final syllable, where the vowel appears in endings that do not themselves contain a vowel (typically the nominative/accusative singular and/or the genitive plural). This code should be placed directly after or used in place of the stress pattern, e.g.c*to indicate a reducible noun with stress pattern c,b*,bto indicate a noun with stress pattern b that can be either reducible or non-reducible, and just*to indicate a reducible noun with the default stress pattern. - Reversed genitive plural stress:
#to indicate that the genitive plural stress is the opposite of what the stress pattern calls for. This code should be placed directly after or used in place of the stress pattern, e.g.c#to indicate a noun with stress pattern c and reversed genitive plural stress,c*#to indicate a reducible noun with stress pattern c and reversed genitive plural stress,d#,dto indicate a noun with stress pattern d that can have either reversed or normal genitive plural stress, and just#to indicate a noun with reversed genitive plural stress and the default stress pattern. - Animacy:
prfor personal nouns,anmlfor animal nouns,inanfor inanimate nouns. The default is almost always inanimate (except whentorsurnameare specified); animate nouns need an animacy code given. - Number:
sgfor singular-only nouns,plfor plural-only nouns. If unspecified, nouns have both singular and plural. - Softness/hardness:
softto indicate soft endings for a noun ending in Cyrillic -р;semisoftto indicate semisoft endings for a noun ending in Cyrillic -р;plsoftto indicate soft plural endings, e.g. for друг (druh, “friend”) (only works currently for masculine and feminine hard-stem nouns);plhardto indicate hard plural endings, e.g. for ім'я́ (imʺjá, “name”) (only works currently for neuters in -я).
- Vowel alternations:
i(a Latin-script i, not a Cyrillic script i) to indicate a change from Cyrillic о or е to і when the ending does not begin with a vowel;io(a Latin-script io) to indicate a change from і to о when the ending does begin with a vowel;ie(a Latin-script ie) to indicate a similar change from і to е when the ending begins with a vowel.
- Special variants:
into indicate that a noun ending in -ин (e.g. кия́нин (kyjányn, “Kyivan”), християни́н (xrystyjanýn, “Christian”)) loses this ending in the plural;3rdto indicate that a soft feminine plural-only noun is third-declension rather than first-declension (i.e. its singular would end in -ь or a consonant rather than -я or -а);surnameto indicate that the noun is a surname, in which case the vocative singular can be the same as the nominative singular in addition to its normal form (this impliespr, as surnames normally refer to people);tto indicate t-stem neuter nouns, i.e. that a neuter noun ending in -я (e.g. ягня́ (jahnjá, “lamb”)) has a stem -ят in most forms (this impliesanml, as nouns of this form usually refer to the young of animals);ento indicate en-stem neuter nouns, i.e. that a neuter noun ending in -м'я has alternative forms utilizing a stem in -ен in most singular forms (e.g. ви́м'я (výmʺja, “udder”) with alternative genitive/dative/locative singular ви́мені and alternative instrumental singular ви́менем).
- Stem overrides:
stem:STEMto specify a different stem than the lemma's stem to use for endings beginning with a vowel;plstem:STEMto specify a different stem to use in the plural.
- Specific form overrides: Examples are
genuto specify that the genitive singular ends in -у,locju:ito specify that the locative singular ends in -ю or -і,vóceto specify that the vocative singular ends in -е with stress on the stem (regardless of the accent pattern) andgenpl:земе́льto specify that the genitive plural has the value земе́ль. These are explained more below.
The properties can be given in any order, but it is recommended that the following order be used:
- Gender
- Stress pattern, reducibility, reversed genitive plural stress
- Adjectival indicator
- Animacy
- Number
- Softness/hardness
- Vowel alternations
- Special variants
- Stem overrides
- Specific form overrides
Gender
The gender can be specified using M for masculine, F for feminine, MF for nouns that can be either masculine or feminine, and N for neuter. The gender can usually be omitted, but is required in certain cases, e.g. with some nouns ending in -ь and some nouns ending in -я. If the gender is omitted, it defaults as follows:
- Nouns ending in a consonant default to masculine.
- Nouns ending in a soft sign must have the gender explicitly given, except in the following cases:
- Nouns ending in -ець and -єць, stressed or unstressed, default to masculine.
- Nouns ending in unstressed -тель default to masculine.
- Nouns ending in unstressed -ість default to feminine.
- Nouns ending in -а default to feminine.
- Nouns ending in -о or -е default to neuter.
- Nouns ending in -'я (e.g. здоро́в'я (zdoróvʺja, “health”), переми́р'я (peremýrʺja, “ceasefire”), ті́м'я (tímʺja, “crown (of the head)”)) or in a double consonant + -я (e.g. зна́чення (znáčennja, “importance; meaning”), обли́ччя (oblýččja, “face; character”), життя́ (žyttjá, “life”)) default to neuter.
- Nouns with the code
t(e.g. ягня́ (jahnjá, “lamb”), порося́ (porosjá, “piglet”)) default to neuter. - Other nouns in -я default to feminine.
The gender needs to be explicitly given in the following cases:
- Nouns ending in a soft sign other than those mentioned above; e.g. готе́ль (hotélʹ, “hotel”) (masculine), моде́ль (modélʹ, “model”) (feminine).
- Masculine or feminine nouns ending in -'я (e.g. сім'я́ (simʺjá, “family”), which is feminine) or in a double consonant + -я (e.g. стаття́ (stattjá, “article”), which is feminine, and суддя́ (suddjá, “judge”), which is either masculine or feminine).
- Feminine nouns ending in a consonant; e.g. любо́в (ljubóv, “love”), ніч (nič, “night”).
- Neuter nouns ending in -я other than the two types mentioned above; e.g. зап'я́стя (zapʺjástja, “wrist”), пові́тря (povítrja, “air”).
Examples:
1. автомобі́ль (avtomobílʹ, “car”) (masculine) ends in a soft sign, and so needs the gender to be specified:
{{uk-ndecl|автомобі́ль<M>}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | автомобі́ль avtomobílʹ |
автомобі́лі avtomobíli |
| genitive | автомобі́ля avtomobílja |
автомобі́лів avtomobíliv |
| dative | автомобі́леві, автомобі́лю avtomobílevi, avtomobílju |
автомобі́лям avtomobíljam |
| accusative | автомобі́ль avtomobílʹ |
автомобі́лі avtomobíli |
| instrumental | автомобі́лем avtomobílem |
автомобі́лями avtomobíljamy |
| locative | автомобі́лю, автомобі́лі avtomobílju, avtomobíli |
автомобі́лях avtomobíljax |
| vocative | автомобі́лю avtomobílju |
автомобі́лі avtomobíli |
2. любо́в (ljubóv, “love”) is feminine and ends in a consonant, and so needs the gender to be specified:
{{uk-ndecl|любо́в<F.sg>}}
which produces
3. зап'я́стя (zapʺjástja, “wrist”) is neuter but does not end in a double consonant + -я, and so needs the gender to be specified:
{{uk-ndecl|зап'я́стя<N>}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | зап'я́стя zapʺjástja |
зап'я́стя zapʺjástja |
| genitive | зап'я́стя zapʺjástja |
зап'я́сть zapʺjástʹ |
| dative | зап'я́стю zapʺjástju |
зап'я́стям zapʺjástjam |
| accusative | зап'я́стя zapʺjástja |
зап'я́стя zapʺjástja |
| instrumental | зап'я́стям zapʺjástjam |
зап'я́стями zapʺjástjamy |
| locative | зап'я́сті zapʺjásti |
зап'я́стях zapʺjástjax |
| vocative | зап'я́стя zapʺjástja |
зап'я́стя zapʺjástja |
4. мужчи́на (mužčýna, “man”) is masculine but ends in -а, which defaults to feminine. In this case, masculine and feminine nouns in -а have identical declensions, so the gender doesn't need to be given, but it's a good idea to specify it anyway, because it is needed in {{uk-noun}} (when it is modified to support syntax similar to {{uk-ndecl}}, parallel to {{ru-noun+}}).
{{uk-ndecl|мужчи́на<M.pr>}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | мужчи́на mužčýna |
мужчи́ни mužčýny |
| genitive | мужчи́ни mužčýny |
мужчи́н mužčýn |
| dative | мужчи́ні mužčýni |
мужчи́нам mužčýnam |
| accusative | мужчи́ну mužčýnu |
мужчи́н mužčýn |
| instrumental | мужчи́ною mužčýnoju |
мужчи́нами mužčýnamy |
| locative | мужчи́ні mužčýni |
мужчи́нах mužčýnax |
| vocative | мужчи́но mužčýno |
мужчи́ни mužčýny |
Stress patterns and reducibility
The following table specifies where the stress falls (stem or ending):
| The Stress Falls on: | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pattern Letter | a | b | c | d | d' | e | f | f' | ||||||||||||
| Number | sg | pl | sg | pl | sg | pl | sg | pl | sg | pl | sg | pl | sg | pl | sg | pl | ||||
| Nom | stem | stem | ending | ending | stem | ending | ending | stem | ending | stem | stem | stem | ending | stem | ending | stem | ||||
| Acc | stem | ending | stem | ending | stem | stem | ending | stem | ||||||||||||
| Gen | stem | stem | ending | ending | stem | ending | ending | stem | ending | stem | stem | ending | ending | ending | ending | ending | ||||
| Dat | stem | stem | ending | ending | stem | ending | ending | stem | ending | stem | stem | ending | ending | ending | ending | ending | ||||
| Ins | stem | stem | ending | ending | stem | ending | ending | stem | ending | stem | stem | ending | ending | ending | ending | ending | ||||
| Loc | stem | stem | ending | ending | stem | ending | ending | stem | ending | stem | stem | ending | ending | ending | ending | ending | ||||
| Voc | stem | ending | ending | stem | stem | stem | stem | stem | ||||||||||||
| Example | бана́н (banán) | брат (brat) | чорт (čort) | вода́ (vodá) | середа́ (seredá) | смерть (smertʹ) | щока́ (ščoká) | рука́ (ruká) | ||||||||||||
NOTE: Boldfaced cases differ from the other cases in the same number (singular or plural).
The accusative plural is left out in the above table because it is derived from either the nominative plural, genitive plural or both, depending on the noun's animacy. The vocative singular is left out because it is frequently stem-stressed even when the remaining singular cases are ending-stressed. (Whether or not this special case applies depends on the particular declension and sometimes other factors.)
An example needing the stress pattern specified is каву́н (kavún, “watermelon”), with stress pattern b (genitive singular кавуна́, nominative plural кавуни́, etc.):
{{uk-ndecl|каву́н<b>}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | каву́н kavún |
кавуни́ kavuný |
| genitive | кавуна́ kavuná |
кавуні́в kavunív |
| dative | кавуно́ві, кавуну́ kavunóvi, kavunú |
кавуна́м kavunám |
| accusative | каву́н kavún |
кавуни́ kavuný |
| instrumental | кавуно́м kavunóm |
кавуна́ми kavunámy |
| locative | кавуні́ kavuní |
кавуна́х kavunáx |
| vocative | каву́не kavúne |
кавуни́ kavuný |
Some nouns are reducible, meaning they have an alternation between a vowel (о, е, є or occasionally і) before the final consonant in forms where the ending does not begin with a vowel, and no vowel in forms where the ending does begin with a vowel. The forms that use the unreduced stem variant are the nominative singular of masculine nouns; the accusative singular of inanimate masculine nouns; the genitive plural of feminine nouns in -а and -я, and of neuter nouns in general; and (theoretically) the nominative, accusative and instrumental singular of third-declension feminine nouns. All other forms use the reduced stem variant.
An example is све́кор (svékor, “wife's father-in-law”), where most forms use a stem свекр- (genitive singular све́кра, nominative plural све́кри, etc.):
{{uk-ndecl|све́кор<*.pr>}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | све́кор svékor |
све́кри svékry |
| genitive | све́кра svékra |
све́крів svékriv |
| dative | све́крові, све́кру svékrovi, svékru |
све́крам svékram |
| accusative | све́кра svékra |
све́крів svékriv |
| instrumental | све́кром svékrom |
све́крами svékramy |
| locative | све́крові, све́крі svékrovi, svékri |
све́крах svékrax |
| vocative | све́кре svékre |
све́кри svékry |
If both a stress pattern and the reducible indicator need to be given, they should be combined, as with за́єць (zájecʹ, “hare”) (reduced stem зайц-, genitive singular за́йця, nominative plural зайці́, etc.):
{{uk-ndecl|за́єць<c*.anml>}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | за́єць zájecʹ |
зайці́ zajcí |
| genitive | за́йця zájcja |
зайці́в zajcív |
| dative | за́йцеві, за́йцю zájcevi, zájcju |
зайця́м zajcjám |
| accusative | за́йця zájcja |
зайці́, зайці́в zajcí, zajcív |
| instrumental | за́йцем zájcem |
зайця́ми zajcjámy |
| locative | за́йцеві, за́йцю, за́йці zájcevi, zájcju, zájci |
зайця́х zajcjáx |
| vocative | за́йцю zájcju |
зайці́ zajcí |
Multiple stress patterns can be given, comma-separated. An example needing this is горі́лка (horílka, “vodka”), with nominative plural either горі́лки (stem-stressed) or горілки́ (ending-stressed):
{{uk-ndecl|горі́лка<a*,c*>}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | горі́лка horílka |
горі́лки, горілки́ horílky, horilký |
| genitive | горі́лки horílky |
горі́лок, горіло́к horílok, horilók |
| dative | горі́лці horílci |
горі́лкам, горілка́м horílkam, horilkám |
| accusative | горі́лку horílku |
горі́лки, горілки́ horílky, horilký |
| instrumental | горі́лкою horílkoju |
горі́лками, горілка́ми horílkamy, horilkámy |
| locative | горі́лці horílci |
горі́лках, горілка́х horílkax, horilkáx |
| vocative | горі́лко horílko |
горі́лки, горілки́ horílky, horilký |
This noun is reducible because the genitive plural is горі́лок or горіло́к.
The default stress pattern is as follows:
- The default is
bin the following cases:- The lemma is plural-only and ends in a stressed vowel (e.g. вуста́ (vustá, “mouth, lips”)).
- The lemma is masculine and ends in stressed -о́ or -е́ (e.g. Петро́ (Petró, “Peter”)).
- The lemma is neuter and ends in stressed -я́ or -а́ (e.g. здання́ (zdannjá, “opinion”), порося́ (porosjá, “piglet”), лоша́ (lošá, “foal”), ім'я́ (imʺjá, “name”)).
- The lemma is reducible and the stress is on the reducible vowel (e.g. замо́к (zamók, “lock”), стіле́ць (stilécʹ, “pencil”)).
- Otherwise, if the lemma ends in a stressed vowel (which includes all feminines, and all neuters in -о́ and -е́), the default is
d. - Otherwise, the default is
a.
Reversed genitive plural stress
Several nouns have unexpected stress in the genitive plural. This could be controlled using an override, but because of its commonness, a shortcut is available using the code #. This code should be placed directly after the stress pattern, as with the reducible code *. If both * and # need to be given, either order is possible, but by convention the order *# should be used. Examples:
Examples:
1. о́бласть (óblastʹ, “oblast, province”) is stem-stressed everywhere but in the genitive plural, which has the form областе́й instead of expected *о́бластей. This can be specified as follows:
{{uk-ndecl|о́бласть<F.#>}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | о́бласть óblastʹ |
о́бласті óblasti |
| genitive | о́бласті, о́бласти óblasti, óblasty |
областе́й oblastéj |
| dative | о́бласті óblasti |
о́бластям óblastjam |
| accusative | о́бласть óblastʹ |
о́бласті óblasti |
| instrumental | о́бластю óblastju |
о́бластями óblastjamy |
| locative | о́бласті óblasti |
о́бластях óblastjax |
| vocative | о́бласте óblaste |
о́бласті óblasti |
2. ма́сло (máslo, “butter”) is stem-stressed in the singular and end-stressed in the plural (i.e. stress pattern c), except for the genitive plural, which has the form ма́сел instead of expected *масе́л. This can be specified as follows:
{{uk-ndecl|ма́сло<c*#>}}
which produces
Here we also supply * to indicate that the noun is reducible (i.e. it has an extra vowel in the genitive plural, whose ending does not begin with a vowel).
3. голова́ (holová, “head”) mostly follows stress pattern d' (end-stressed in the singular except for the accusative singular, and stem-stressed in the plural), but has unexpected genitive plural голі́в instead of *го́лів or *го́лов. Here, there is also an о-і vowel alternation, which is specified using the i code (described later). This can be specified as follows:
{{uk-ndecl|голова́<d'#.i>}}
which produces
Note that technically, the і in the genitive plural is part of the stem, and there is no ending. In the case where # calls for ending stress and there is no ending to be stressed, the stress moves onto the last syllable of the stem.
3. сестра́ (sestrá, “sister”) follows stress pattern d and is reducible, hence the expected genitive plural is се́стер. This does occur, but so does the opposite-stress form сесте́р. To specify this, use a specification as follows:
{{uk-ndecl|сестра́<*,*#.pr>}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | сестра́ sestrá |
се́стри séstry |
| genitive | сестри́ sestrý |
се́стер, сесте́р séster, sestér |
| dative | сестрі́ sestrí |
се́страм séstram |
| accusative | сестру́ sestrú |
се́стер, сесте́р séster, sestér |
| instrumental | сестро́ю sestróju |
се́страми séstramy |
| locative | сестрі́ sestrí |
се́страх séstrax |
| vocative | се́стро séstro |
се́стри séstry |
Here we specify two stress indicators, * (reducible and with normal genitive plural stress) and *# (reducible with reversed genitive plural stress). Because the stress pattern itself is left out, it defaults to d (the default for feminines with ending stress in the lemma form). We also have to specify the animacy indicator pr because this is a personal noun (see the next section).
Adjectival indicator
To indicate that a noun declines as if it were an adjective, use +. An example is лю́тий (ljútyj, “February”) (genitive singular лю́того):
{{uk-ndecl|лю́тий<+>}}
which produces
Other indicators, such as animacy and number, can be included as necessary. An example is вагі́тна (vahítna, “pregnant woman”), which is a personal noun:
{{uk-ndecl|вагі́тна<+.pr>}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | вагі́тна vahítna |
вагі́тні vahítni |
| genitive | вагі́тної vahítnoji |
вагі́тних vahítnyx |
| dative | вагі́тній vahítnij |
вагі́тним vahítnym |
| accusative | вагі́тну vahítnu |
вагі́тних vahítnyx |
| instrumental | вагі́тною vahítnoju |
вагі́тними vahítnymy |
| locative | вагі́тній vahítnij |
вагі́тних vahítnyx |
| vocative | вагі́тна vahítna |
вагі́тні vahítni |
Soft adjectival nouns will automatically be recognized by their ending, such as with майбу́тнє (majbútnje, “the future”) (genitive singular майбу́тнього):
{{uk-ndecl|майбу́тнє<+.sg>}}
which produces
| singular | |
|---|---|
| nominative | майбу́тнє majbútnje |
| genitive | майбу́тнього majbútnʹoho |
| dative | майбу́тньому majbútnʹomu |
| accusative | майбу́тнє majbútnje |
| instrumental | майбу́тнім majbútnim |
| locative | майбу́тньому, майбу́тнім majbútnʹomu, majbútnim |
| vocative | майбу́тнє majbútnje |
Animacy
Animacy is specified using pr for personal nouns and anml for animal nouns. The code inan for inanimate nouns can be given, but is essentially never needed because nouns normally default to inanimate. The only exception is when the neuter variant code t is given; all such nouns refer to the young of animals, and default to anml animacy.
Examples:
1. бана́н (banán, “banana”) is inanimate, so the animacy doesn't need to be given:
{{uk-ndecl|бана́н<>}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | бана́н banán |
бана́ни banány |
| genitive | бана́на banána |
бана́нів banániv |
| dative | бана́нові, бана́ну banánovi, banánu |
бана́нам banánam |
| accusative | бана́н banán |
бана́ни banány |
| instrumental | бана́ном banánom |
бана́нами banánamy |
| locative | бана́ні banáni |
бана́нах banánax |
| vocative | бана́не banáne |
бана́ни banány |
2. ри́ба (rýba, “fish”) is an animal noun, so the animacy code anml needs to be specified:
{{uk-ndecl|ри́ба<anml>}}
which produces
Note here that the accusative plural has two forms, one identical to the nominative plural and the other identical to the genitive plural; this is characteristic of animal nouns.
3. біс (bis, “demon”) is a personal noun (human-like mythological creatures are considered personal; similarly, animal-like mythological creatures such as dragons are considered animal nouns). Thus the animacy code pr needs to be specified:
{{uk-ndecl|біс<pr>}}
which produces
Note here that the accusative singular and plural are identical to the genitive singular and plural, respectively. All personal nouns behave this way in the plural, and all masculine personal and animal nouns behave this way in the singular.
4. порося́ (porosjá, “piglet”) is an animal noun of the t-stem type (genitive singular порося́ти, nominative plural порося́та). Once t is specified, the animacy doesn't need to be given because code t implies animacy anml:
{{uk-ndecl|порося́<t>}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | порося́ porosjá |
порося́та porosjáta |
| genitive | порося́ти porosjáty |
порося́т porosját |
| dative | порося́ті porosjáti |
порося́там porosjátam |
| accusative | порося́ porosjá |
порося́та, порося́т porosjáta, porosját |
| instrumental | порося́м porosjám |
порося́тами porosjátamy |
| locative | порося́ті porosjáti |
порося́тах porosjátax |
| vocative | порося́ porosjá |
порося́та porosjáta |
5. дівча́ (divčá, “girl (endearing)”) is a personal noun of the t-stem type (genitive singular дівча́ти, nominative plural дівча́та). Code t implies anml, so pr must be given:
{{uk-ndecl|дівча́<pr.t>}}
which produces
Number
By default, all nouns are singular/plural, including proper nouns. (Many proper nouns, such as names and surnames, have plural forms.) To indicate that a noun is singular-only, use sg, as with ха́ос (xáos, “chaos, mess”):
{{uk-ndecl|ха́ос<sg>}}
which produces
Note that singular-only nouns are sometimes declined differently from singular/plural nouns. For example, for masculine nouns the genitive singular defaults to -у instead of -а, and the locative singular defaults to either -у or -і instead of just -і.
To indicate that a noun is plural-only, use pl and give the lemma in its plural form, as with вуста́ (vustá, “mouth, lips”):
{{uk-ndecl|вуста́<pl>}}
which produces
In the above case, the module automatically knows that the noun is neuter by its ending. However, if the lemma ends in -и or -і, you will have to give the gender explicitly (M or F), so that the module knows how to generate the genitive plural. If you are not sure of the gender, look for a related singular/plural noun or for cognate nouns in other languages (especially Russian), or base the gender on the genitive plural (M if the genitive plural ends in -ів, F if the genitive plural ends in nothing, in -ь or in -ей). An example is джу́нглі (džúnhli, “jungle”), which should be indicated as masculine because its genitive plural is джу́нглів:
{{uk-ndecl|джу́нглі<M.pl>}}
which produces
Another example is коно́плі (konópli, “hemp”), which is shown to be feminine by its genitive plural конопе́ль as well as by the cognate конопля́ (konopljá) in Russian, which is singular/plural and feminine:
{{uk-ndecl|коно́плі<F.*#.pl>}}
which produces
Note here that the noun is reducible, with reversed genitive plural stress, as indicated by *#.
Some feminine plural-only nouns belong to the third declension, i.e. their singular equivalent would end in a consonant or -ь rather than -а or -я. This is shown most clearly by a genitive plural in -ей. An example is две́рі (dvéri, “door(s)”), with genitive plural двере́й (compare Russian дверь (dverʹ)). This should be indicated using the code 3rd. This automatically implies F, which doesn't need to be given explicitly:
{{uk-ndecl|две́рі<#.pl.3rd.insplýma:mý>}}
which produces
Here, the genitive plural has reversed stress (двере́й instead of expected *две́рей), and the instrumental plural is irregular.
Softness and hardness
Most of the time, whether a noun is soft, semisoft or hard can be determined automatically from the ending. Occasionally, however, this isn't the case (e.g. with nouns ending in -р). In addition, some nouns are hard in the singular and soft in the plural, or vice-versa. Special codes are provided for these cases.
By default, nouns in -р are hard. To specify that such a noun is soft, use soft. An example is бібліоте́кар (bibliotékar, “librarian”) (genitive singular бібліоте́каря, nominative plural бібліоте́карі, etc.):
{{uk-ndecl|бібліоте́кар<pr.soft>}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | бібліоте́кар bibliotékar |
бібліоте́карі bibliotékari |
| genitive | бібліоте́каря bibliotékarja |
бібліоте́карів bibliotékariv |
| dative | бібліоте́кареві, бібліоте́карю bibliotékarevi, bibliotékarju |
бібліоте́карям bibliotékarjam |
| accusative | бібліоте́каря bibliotékarja |
бібліоте́карів bibliotékariv |
| instrumental | бібліоте́карем bibliotékarem |
бібліоте́карями bibliotékarjamy |
| locative | бібліоте́кареві, бібліоте́карю, бібліоте́карі bibliotékarevi, bibliotékarju, bibliotékari |
бібліоте́карях bibliotékarjax |
| vocative | бібліоте́карю bibliotékarju |
бібліоте́карі bibliotékari |
A few nouns in -р are semisoft, meaning they take endings similar to nouns that end in a hushing consonant (one of ч ж ш щ). An example is батя́р (batjár, “ruffian”) (genitive singular батяра́ but instrumental singular батяре́м, nominative plural батярі́, etc.):
{{uk-ndecl|батя́р<b.pr.semisoft>}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | батя́р batjár |
батярі́ batjarí |
| genitive | батяра́ batjará |
батярі́в batjarív |
| dative | батяре́ві, батяру́ batjarévi, batjarú |
батяра́м batjarám |
| accusative | батяра́ batjará |
батярі́в batjarív |
| instrumental | батяре́м batjarém |
батяра́ми batjarámy |
| locative | батяре́ві, батяру́, батярі́ batjarévi, batjarú, batjarí |
батяра́х batjaráx |
| vocative | батя́ре batjáre |
батярі́ batjarí |
A fourth type of noun in -р is hard except for the nominative plural, which is -і rather than expected *-и. An example is кома́р (komár, “mosquito”). To indicate this type, use an override (see below):
{{uk-ndecl|кома́р<b.anml.nompli>}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | кома́р komár |
комарі́ komarí |
| genitive | комара́ komará |
комарі́в komarív |
| dative | комаро́ві, комару́ komaróvi, komarú |
комара́м komarám |
| accusative | комара́ komará |
комарі́, комарі́в komarí, komarív |
| instrumental | комаро́м komaróm |
комара́ми komarámy |
| locative | комаро́ві, комарі́ komaróvi, komarí |
комара́х komaráx |
| vocative | кома́ре komáre |
комарі́ komarí |
A small number of nouns are hard in the singular but soft in the plural, or vice-versa. These nouns generally have other irregularities, such as having a different stem in the plural. An example is друг (druh, “friend”), which has soft endings in the plural based off of a stem друз- (nominative plural дру́зі, instrumental plural дру́зями, etc.):
{{uk-ndecl|друг<pr.plsoft.plstem:друз.voce>}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | друг druh |
дру́зі drúzi |
| genitive | дру́га drúha |
дру́зів drúziv |
| dative | дру́гові, дру́гу drúhovi, drúhu |
дру́зям drúzjam |
| accusative | дру́га drúha |
дру́зів drúziv |
| instrumental | дру́гом drúhom |
дру́зями drúzjamy |
| locative | дру́гові, дру́гу drúhovi, drúhu |
дру́зях drúzjax |
| vocative | дру́же drúže |
дру́зі drúzi |
Here we specify:
prto indicate that this is a personal noun (accusative singular and plural are the same as the genitive singular and plural, respectively);plsoftto indicate that this noun has soft endings in the plural;plstem:друзto specify the irregular plural stem;voceto override the vocative singular, giving it an ending -е instead of the normal ending -у for nouns ending in a velar. (This automatically triggers the Slavic first palatalization, giving the form дру́же. See below under automatic palatalization of velars.)
Vowel alternations
Similar to reducible alternations, some nouns have alternations between і and either о or е. Generally the і appears in the last syllable of a word with an ending not beginning with a vowel (similar to the reducible variant where a fill vowel is present), and the о or е appears in its place with an ending beginning with a vowel (similar to the reducible variant with no fill vowel). The cognate words in Russian and Polish generally have an о or е in all forms, showing that the і is a Ukrainian-specific development. An example is о́бід (óbid, “rim”), with genitive singular о́бода, nominative plural о́боди, etc. This is indicated using io to specify that an і in the lemma changes into an о in forms with an ending beginning with a vowel:
{{uk-ndecl|о́бід<io>}}
which produces
In some nouns, the sequence лі changes to льо rather than ло. To indicate this change, use ijo, as in вертолі́т (vertolít, “helicopter”), with genitive singular вертольо́та:
{{uk-ndecl|вертолі́т<ijo>}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | вертолі́т vertolít |
вертольо́ти vertolʹóty |
| genitive | вертольо́та vertolʹóta |
вертольо́тів vertolʹótiv |
| dative | вертольо́тові, вертольо́ту vertolʹótovi, vertolʹótu |
вертольо́там vertolʹótam |
| accusative | вертолі́т vertolít |
вертольо́ти vertolʹóty |
| instrumental | вертольо́том vertolʹótom |
вертольо́тами vertolʹótamy |
| locative | вертольо́ті vertolʹóti |
вертольо́тах vertolʹótax |
| vocative | вертольо́те vertolʹóte |
вертольо́ти vertolʹóty |
Examples of other nouns with this change are лід (lid, “ice”), ко́лір (kólir, “color”). Note that in some nouns, лі changes to ло, e.g. плід (plid, “fruit”), пліт (plit, “raft”), глід (hlid, “hawthorn”), барлі́г (barlíh, “bear's lair”).
To indicate that the і changes into an е, use ie, as in ведмі́дь (vedmídʹ, “bear”), with genitive singular ведме́дя:
{{uk-ndecl|ведмі́дь<M.anml.ie>}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | ведмі́дь vedmídʹ |
ведме́ді vedmédi |
| genitive | ведме́дя vedmédja |
ведме́дів vedmédiv |
| dative | ведме́деві, ведме́дю vedmédevi, vedmédju |
ведме́дям vedmédjam |
| accusative | ведме́дя vedmédja |
ведме́ді, ведме́дів vedmédi, vedmédiv |
| instrumental | ведме́дем vedmédem |
ведме́дями vedmédjamy |
| locative | ведме́деві, ведме́дю, ведме́ді vedmédevi, vedmédju, vedmédi |
ведме́дях vedmédjax |
| vocative | ведме́дю vedmédju |
ведме́ді vedmédi |
The code ie should also be used for nouns with orthographic ї that changes into є, as in Ки́їв (Kýjiv, “Kyiv”), with genitive singular Ки́єва:
{{uk-ndecl|Ки́їв<sg.ie.datu>}}
which produces
(datu is a specific form override.)
Feminines in -а and -я, and neuters in -о, -е and -я, that have a vowel alternation will have it in the opposite direction, with an о or е in the lemma changing into an і in the genitive plural. This should be indicated using i, as in шко́ла (škóla, “school”), with genitive plural шкіл:
{{uk-ndecl|шко́ла<i>}}
which produces
Note that feminines ending in a consonant or in -ь will have the same sort of alternation as in masculines, for example річ (rič, “thing”) with genitive ре́чі:
{{uk-ndecl|річ<F.e.ie>}}
which produces
Such nouns have the і variant not only in the nominative and accusative singular but also in the instrumental singular, here рі́ччю.
Some reducible masculine nouns have an о or е in the lemma that changes into an і in most other forms, the opposite of the pattern of the majority of masculine nouns. An example is вдове́ць (vdovécʹ, “widower”), with genitive singular вдівця́:
{{uk-ndecl|вдове́ць<*.pr.i>}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | вдове́ць vdovécʹ |
вдівці́ vdivcí |
| genitive | вдівця́ vdivcjá |
вдівці́в vdivcív |
| dative | вдівце́ві, вдівцю́ vdivcévi, vdivcjú |
вдівця́м vdivcjám |
| accusative | вдівця́ vdivcjá |
вдівці́в vdivcív |
| instrumental | вдівце́м vdivcém |
вдівця́ми vdivcjámy |
| locative | вдівце́ві, вдівцю́, вдівці́ vdivcévi, vdivcjú, vdivcí |
вдівця́х vdivcjáx |
| vocative | вдівцю́ vdivcjú |
вдівці́ vdivcí |
Special variants
There are various miscellaneous codes that can be used to indicate special variant declensions.
Nouns in -ин
Some nouns in -ин lose this ending in the plural. An example is кия́нин (kyjányn, “Kyivan”) (nominative plural кия́ни). For these nouns, use in:
{{uk-ndecl|кия́нин<pr.in>}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | кия́нин kyjányn |
кия́ни kyjány |
| genitive | кия́нина kyjányna |
кия́н kyján |
| dative | кия́нинові, кия́нину kyjánynovi, kyjánynu |
кия́нам kyjánam |
| accusative | кия́нина kyjányna |
кия́н kyján |
| instrumental | кия́нином kyjánynom |
кия́нами kyjánamy |
| locative | кия́нинові, кия́нині kyjánynovi, kyjányni |
кия́нах kyjánax |
| vocative | кия́нине kyjányne |
кия́ни kyjány |
These nouns have an empty genitive plural ending in place of normal -ів (e.g. кия́н).
If the stress is on the ending, it automatically moves to the preceding syllable in the plural. An example is християни́н (xrystyjanýn, “Christian”) (nominative plural христия́ни). See #Spec alternations#spec alternations for an example showing how this noun is declined.
Third-declension feminine nouns
Third-declension feminine nouns are those whose singular ends in -ь or a consonant rather than -я or -а. Normally this is autodetected, but this is not possible in the plural, where the ending -і is the same as for nouns ending in -я. To indicate this type of noun, use 3rd. See the section on number for an example.
Surnames
Use surname to indicate that the noun is a surname, in which case the vocative singular can be the same as the nominative singular in addition to its normal form. An example is Януко́вич (Janukóvyč, “Yanukovych”):
{{uk-ndecl|Януко́вич<surname>}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | Януко́вич Janukóvyč |
Януко́вичі Janukóvyči |
| genitive | Януко́вича Janukóvyča |
Януко́вичів Janukóvyčiv |
| dative | Януко́вичеві, Януко́вичу Janukóvyčevi, Janukóvyču |
Януко́вичам Janukóvyčam |
| accusative | Януко́вича Janukóvyča |
Януко́вичів Janukóvyčiv |
| instrumental | Януко́вичем Janukóvyčem |
Януко́вичами Janukóvyčamy |
| locative | Януко́вичеві, Януко́вичу, Януко́вичі Janukóvyčevi, Janukóvyču, Janukóvyči |
Януко́вичах Janukóvyčax |
| vocative | Януко́вичу, Януко́вич Janukóvyču, Janukóvyč |
Януко́вичі Janukóvyči |
The use of surname automatically implies pr, since surnames almost always refer to people and hence are personal nouns.
t-stem neuters
Use t to indicate a t-stem neuter noun, i.e. a neuter noun that ends in -я and has a stem -ят in most forms. An example is ягня́ (jahnjá, “lamb”) (genitive singular ягня́ти, nominative plural ягня́та):
{{uk-ndecl|ягня́<t>}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | ягня́ jahnjá |
ягня́та jahnjáta |
| genitive | ягня́ти jahnjáty |
ягня́т jahnját |
| dative | ягня́ті jahnjáti |
ягня́там jahnjátam |
| accusative | ягня́ jahnjá |
ягня́та, ягня́т jahnjáta, jahnját |
| instrumental | ягня́м jahnjám |
ягня́тами jahnjátamy |
| locative | ягня́ті jahnjáti |
ягня́тах jahnjátax |
| vocative | ягня́ jahnjá |
ягня́та jahnjáta |
Note that t automatically implies anml and N, as nouns of this form are always neuter and usually refer to the young of animals. An exception where animacy pr needs to be given is дівча́ (divčá, “girl (endearing)”), which is a personal t-stem neuter; see animacy for the declension of this noun. Another such exception is курча́та (kurčáta, “small cracks in the weathered skin of the feet, hands or face”) (literally "young chickens"; plural of курча́ (kurčá, “chick, young chicken”)). This can be indicated as follows:
{{uk-ndecl|курча́та<pl.inan.t>}}
which produces
en-stem neuters
Use en to indicate an en-stem neuter noun, i.e. a neuter noun that ends in -м'я and has an alternative stem -ен in most forms. An example is ви́м'я (výmʺja, “udder”) with alternative genitive/dative/locative singular ви́мені and alternative instrumental singular ви́менем:
{{uk-ndecl|ви́м'я<en>}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | ви́м'я výmʺja |
ви́м'я výmʺja |
| genitive | ви́м'я, ви́мені výmʺja, výmeni |
ви́м'їв výmʺjiv |
| dative | ви́м'ю, ви́мені výmʺju, výmeni |
ви́м'ям výmʺjam |
| accusative | ви́м'я výmʺja |
ви́м'я výmʺja |
| instrumental | ви́м'ям, ви́менем výmʺjam, výmenem |
ви́м'ями výmʺjamy |
| locative | ви́м'ї, ви́мені výmʺji, výmeni |
ви́м'ях výmʺjax |
| vocative | ви́м'я výmʺja |
ви́м'я výmʺja |
As with t, en automatically implies N.
Stem overrides
Some nouns have an irregular stem compared with the lemma, either in all forms whose ending begins with a vowel or in all plural forms. An example of the former is ти́ждень (týždenʹ, “week”), with stem тижн- (e.g. genitive singular ти́жня, nominative plural ти́жні). To specify this, use stem:STEM:
{{uk-ndecl|ти́ждень<M.*.stem:тижн>}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | ти́ждень týždenʹ |
ти́жні týžni |
| genitive | ти́жня týžnja |
ти́жнів týžniv |
| dative | ти́жневі, ти́жню týžnevi, týžnju |
ти́жням týžnjam |
| accusative | ти́ждень týždenʹ |
ти́жні týžni |
| instrumental | ти́жнем týžnem |
ти́жнями týžnjamy |
| locative | ти́жню, ти́жні týžnju, týžni |
ти́жнях týžnjax |
| vocative | ти́жню týžnju |
ти́жні týžni |
Note here that we specify * to indicate a reducible noun, even though we override the stem. It's not actually necessary to specify *, but it affects the categorization and what is displayed in the title bar.
Some nouns, especially neuter nouns, have a distinct stem in the plural. An example is де́рево (dérevo, “tree”), with plural stem дере́в- (note the stress), e.g. nominative plural дере́ва. To specify this, use plstem:STEM:
{{uk-ndecl|де́рево<plstem:дере́в>}}
which produces
Specific form overrides
Specific forms can be overridden. The way to specify this is either SLOTENDING:ENDING:... to specify the ending(s) of a given slot (i.e. a case/number combination), SLOT:FORM:FORM:... to specify the whole form(s) of a given slot. Note the difference: When specifying endings, attach the ending(s) directly to the slot name, while when specifying forms, separate the slot name and form(s) with a colon. In both cases, separate endings and forms from each other using a colon. The endings and forms can be given either using Cyrillic letters or transliterated Roman letters; in the latter case, the Roman letters are reverse-transliterated to get the Cyrillic. The use of Roman letters is conventional when specifying endings, because these sorts of overrides are much more frequent than full form overrides, and Roman letters are easier to type when the slot name is also written using Roman letters.
Ending overrides
An example override is genu, which specifies that the genitive singular ends in -у (transliterated -u). This particular override is extremely frequent, as entire classes of masculine nouns require genitive in -у instead of the default -а. An example is вокза́л (vokzál, “train station”):
{{uk-ndecl|вокза́л<genu>}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | вокза́л vokzál |
вокза́ли vokzály |
| genitive | вокза́лу vokzálu |
вокза́лів vokzáliv |
| dative | вокза́лові, вокза́лу vokzálovi, vokzálu |
вокза́лам vokzálam |
| accusative | вокза́л vokzál |
вокза́ли vokzály |
| instrumental | вокза́лом vokzálom |
вокза́лами vokzálamy |
| locative | вокза́лі vokzáli |
вокза́лах vokzálax |
| vocative | вокза́ле vokzále |
вокза́ли vokzály |
Normally, an ending override overrides the ending itself but not the stress pattern, which remains as it would normally be. For example, when genu is used with a noun of stress pattern b, the ending will be stressed, as is normal for this stress pattern. An example is бур'я́н (burʺján, “weed”):
{{uk-ndecl|бур'я́н<b.genu>}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | бур'я́н burʺján |
бур'яни́ burʺjaný |
| genitive | бур'яну́ burʺjanú |
бур'яні́в burʺjanív |
| dative | бур'яно́ві, бур'яну́ burʺjanóvi, burʺjanú |
бур'яна́м burʺjanám |
| accusative | бур'я́н burʺján |
бур'яни́ burʺjaný |
| instrumental | бур'яно́м burʺjanóm |
бур'яна́ми burʺjanámy |
| locative | бур'яні́ burʺjaní |
бур'яна́х burʺjanáx |
| vocative | бур'я́не burʺjáne |
бур'яни́ burʺjaný |
To explicitly specify ending stress, place an accent on the ending, as with вид (vyd, “face, appearance”), which is stem-stressed (pattern a) except that it has an irregular locative виду́:
{{uk-ndecl|вид<genu.locú>}}
which produces
To explicitly specify stem stress when the stress pattern calls for ending stress, place an accent on the vowel of the slot name, as with суд (sud, “court (of law)”), which is ending-stressed (pattern b) except that it has an irregular genitive су́ду:
{{uk-ndecl|суд<b.génu>}}
which produces
As mentioned above, separate multiple endings with a colon, as with очере́т (očerét, “reed”), which irregularly has locative singular either очере́ту or очере́ті and nominative plural either очере́та or очере́ти:
{{uk-ndecl|очере́т<locu:i.nompla:y>}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | очере́т očerét |
очере́та, очере́ти očeréta, očeréty |
| genitive | очере́та očeréta |
очере́тів očerétiv |
| dative | очере́тові, очере́ту očerétovi, očerétu |
очере́там očerétam |
| accusative | очере́т očerét |
очере́та, очере́ти očeréta, očeréty |
| instrumental | очере́том očerétom |
очере́тами očerétamy |
| locative | очере́ту, очере́ті očerétu, očeréti |
очере́тах očerétax |
| vocative | очере́те očeréte |
очере́та, очере́ти očeréta, očeréty |
In more complicated cases, a given slot can be listed more than once. For example, стіл (stil, “table”) mostly follows stress pattern b, but has irregular genitive either стола́ or сто́лу. This can be specified as follows:
{{uk-ndecl|стіл<b.io.gena.génu.loci:u>}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | стіл stil |
столи́ stolý |
| genitive | стола́, сто́лу stolá, stólu |
столі́в stolív |
| dative | столо́ві, столу́ stolóvi, stolú |
стола́м stolám |
| accusative | стіл stil |
столи́ stolý |
| instrumental | столо́м stolóm |
стола́ми stolámy |
| locative | столі́, столу́ stolí, stolú |
стола́х stoláx |
| vocative | сто́ле stóle |
столи́ stolý |
Note that for clarity, the genitive singular overrides could also be given as gená.génu to make the stress pattern of these forms completely clear.
Full overrides
Most irregularities in Ukrainian nouns involve irregular endings, but occasionally an irregular stem appears as well. If the irregular stem appears throughout the plural, or throughout the singular and plural except for the lemma, a stem override can be used (see above), but if the irregular stem is in only one or two forms, a full form override must be used. An example is стаття́ (stattjá, “article, item”), with irregular genitive plural стате́й:
{{uk-ndecl|стаття́<F.b.genpl:стате́й>}}
which produces
Here we specify the gender F (otherwise the noun would be inferred as neuter), and the stress pattern b (otherwise the noun would be inferred as pattern d).
Another example involving the genitive plural is вівця́ (vivcjá, “sheep”), with irregular genitive plural ове́ць:
{{вівця́<*.anml.genpl:ове́ць>}}
which produces
Null and missing overrides
To specify that a given form has a null ending, use - as the ending. An example is хоза́р (xozár, “Khazar”), which has genitive plural either хоза́р (with a null ending) or хоза́рів (with the regular ending -ів):
{{хоза́р<pr.genpl-:iv>}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | хоза́р xozár |
хоза́ри xozáry |
| genitive | хоза́ра xozára |
хоза́р, хоза́рів xozár, xozáriv |
| dative | хоза́рові, хоза́ру xozárovi, xozáru |
хоза́рам xozáram |
| accusative | хоза́ра xozára |
хоза́р, хоза́рів xozár, xozáriv |
| instrumental | хоза́ром xozárom |
хоза́рами xozáramy |
| locative | хоза́рові, хоза́рі xozárovi, xozári |
хоза́рах xozárax |
| vocative | хоза́ре xozáre |
хоза́ри xozáry |
When - is used in a full override, it indicates that this particular form is entirely missing. An example is ага́ (ahá, “aga, agha (Turkish honorific)”), which per Goroh Slovozmina has no genitive plural:
{{uk-ndecl|ага́<b.pr.genpl:->}}
which produces
Note the difference between this and the preceding example. This example uses a full override (colon directly follows genpl), while the preceding example uses an ending override (no colon directly after genpl).
Missing overrides can be useful in spec alternations in place of a full or ending override, when the other of the two alternatives in the alternation already specifies all the possible forms for a given slot. See more complex examples for an example of this.
Overrides and derived forms
Certain forms are derived from others, in that the forms in one slot are copied to another slot. Specifically:
- The accusative plural of all nouns is derived from either the nominative singular, the genitive singular or both, depending on animacy.
- The vocative plural of all nouns is derived from the nominative plural.
- The accusative singular of masculine nouns is derived from either the nominative singular or genitive singular, depending on animacy.
- The vocative singular of surnames (those with the
surnamecode) is derived from the nominative singular in addition to whatever the form would normally be.
This has implications for overrides. Specifically, overrides of source slots (nominative singular, genitive singular, nominative plural, genitive plural) are implemented ***before*** copying to derived slots, but overrides of derived slots (accusative singular, accusative plural, vocative singular, vocative plural) are implemented ***after*** copying. This means that overrides of source slots such as the nominative and genitive plural will automatically be propagated to the slots derived from them, but overrides of derived slots is still possible.
For example, in the preceding example with вівця́ (vivcjá, “sheep”), where a genitive plural override ове́ць was given, the accusative plural will also have ове́ць as one of the two possibilities (along with ві́вці, derived from the nominative plural). Similarly, in the earlier example above with очере́т (očerét, “reed”), where a nominative plural ending override nompla:y is given to specify that the nominative plural should be either очере́та or очере́ти, both forms will also be found in the accusative and vocative plural.
An example of overriding a derived slot is пан (pan, “lord, sir”), which has an irregular alternative vocative plural пано́ве as well as the regular vocative plural пани́ derived from the nominative plural. This can be specified as follows:
{{пан<c.pr.locovi:u.vocply:ove>}}
which produces
Slot names for overrides
The slot names are as follows:
| Case | Singular | Accented variant | Plural | Accented variant |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | nom |
nóm |
nompl |
nómpl
|
| Genitive | gen |
gén |
genpl |
génpl
|
| Dative | dat |
dát |
datpl |
dátpl
|
| Accusative | acc |
ácc |
accpl |
áccpl
|
| Instrumental | ins |
íns |
inspl |
ínspl
|
| Locative | loc |
lóc |
locpl |
lócpl
|
| Vocative | voc |
vóc |
vocpl |
vócpl
|
Automatic palatalization of velars
Certain endings, when used as overrides (as well as when they are the default), automatically trigger the Slavic first palatalization or Slavic second palatalization of velar consonants. Specifically:
- The ending -е in the vocative singular triggers the Slavic first palatalization.
- The ending -і in the dative or locative singular triggers the Slavic second palatalization.
The palatalizations are as follows:
| Letter | First palatalization | Second palatalization |
|---|---|---|
| к | ч | ц |
| г | ж | з |
| х | ш | с |
| ц | ч | ц |
An example is чолові́к (čolovík, “man”). The default vocative singular ending for masculines ending in a velar is -у, but this noun has vocative singular чолові́че. To specify this, just use a regular ending override voce, and the first palatalization will automatically apply, converting к into ч:
{{uk-ndecl|чолові́к<pr.voce>}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | чолові́к čolovík |
чолові́ки čolovíky |
| genitive | чолові́ка čolovíka |
чолові́ків čolovíkiv |
| dative | чолові́кові, чолові́ку čolovíkovi, čolovíku |
чолові́кам čolovíkam |
| accusative | чолові́ка čolovíka |
чолові́ків čolovíkiv |
| instrumental | чолові́ком čolovíkom |
чолові́ками čolovíkamy |
| locative | чолові́кові, чолові́ку čolovíkovi, čolovíku |
чолові́ках čolovíkax |
| vocative | чолові́че čolovíče |
чолові́ки čolovíky |
Another example is ріг (rih, “horn (object)”). The default locative singular ending for inanimate masculines ending in a velar is -у, but this noun has locative singular ро́зі. As above, use a regular ending override loci, and the second palatalization will automatically apply:
{{uk-ndecl|ріг<io.loci>}}
which produces
Default forms for specific slots
The rules for which endings are used by default in specific slots (e.g. locative singular) are fairly complicated. This is because Ukrainian nouns are complex, often with multiple possible endings allowed for a given slot and with many exceptions.
Genitive singular
- Masculine nouns default to -а (or -я for soft nouns) in most cases, but default to -у (or -ю for soft nouns) in singular-only common nouns (not singular-only proper nouns). The default of -а/-я is correct for essentially all animate nouns, and the default of -у/-ю is correct for almost all singular-only common nouns. However, there are many inanimate singular/plural common nouns, and many inanimate proper nouns, that need a
genuorgenjuoverride. The particular ending used is a function of the semantic category of the noun. For example, names of cities use -а/-я, but names of states and countries use -у/-ю; words referring to most types of objects use -а/-я, but words referring to materials use -у/-ю. Hence, Алжи́р (Alžýr, “Algiers”) (a city) uses -а, but Алжи́р (Alžýr, “Algeria”) (a country) uses -у, and ріг (rih, “horn (object)”) uses -а, but ріг (rih, “horn (material)”) uses -у.
Locative singular
The rules for the locative singular of masculine nouns are quite complex.
- For velar-stem nouns:
- Animate nouns use either -ові or -у.
- Reducible inanimate nouns also use either -ові or -у.
- Non-reducible inanimate nouns use -у.
- For non-velar hard-stem nouns:
- Animate nouns use either -ові or -і.
- Inanimate singular-only nouns use either -у or -і.
- Inanimate singular/plural nouns use -і.
- For soft-stem nouns:
- Animate nouns use either -еві, -ю or -і.
- Inanimate nouns use either -ю or -і.
- Semisoft-stem nouns are analogous to soft-stem nouns:
- Animate nouns use either -еві, -у or -і.
- Inanimate nouns use either -у or -і.
Vocative singular
FILL IN
Genitive plural
FILL IN
Spec alternations
Some nouns have declensions with multiple possible stress patterns, or which appear to be composed of the union of multiple individual declensions. This can be handled using a spec alternation. A basic example is апо́строф (apóstrof, “apostrophe”), also stressable as апостро́ф (apostróf):
{{uk-ndecl|((апо́строф<>,апостро́ф<>))}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | апо́строф, апостро́ф apóstrof, apostróf |
апо́строфи, апостро́фи apóstrofy, apostrófy |
| genitive | апо́строфа, апостро́фа apóstrofa, apostrófa |
апо́строфів, апостро́фів apóstrofiv, apostrófiv |
| dative | апо́строфові, апо́строфу, апостро́фові, апостро́фу apóstrofovi, apóstrofu, apostrófovi, apostrófu |
апо́строфам, апостро́фам apóstrofam, apostrófam |
| accusative | апо́строф, апостро́ф apóstrof, apostróf |
апо́строфи, апостро́фи apóstrofy, apostrófy |
| instrumental | апо́строфом, апостро́фом apóstrofom, apostrófom |
апо́строфами, апостро́фами apóstrofamy, apostrófamy |
| locative | апо́строфі, апостро́фі apóstrofi, apostrófi |
апо́строфах, апостро́фах apóstrofax, apostrófax |
| vocative | апо́строфе, апостро́фе apóstrofe, apostrófe |
апо́строфи, апостро́фи apóstrofy, apostrófy |
Note the format: Two (or more) full declension specifications, comma-separated, surrounded by double parentheses.
If both declensions overlap in some forms, the forms will be deduplicated, and will only appear once. For example, христия́нин (xrystyjányn) has nominative plural христия́ни (where -ин disappears in the plural), and has an alternative stress pattern християни́н (xrystyjanýn), with the same nominative plural христия́ни (here again, -ин disppears in the plural, and since it is stressed, the stress moves onto the previous syllable). This can be specified as follows:
{{uk-ndecl|((христия́нин<pr.in>,християни́н<pr.in>))}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | христия́нин, християни́н xrystyjányn, xrystyjanýn |
христия́ни xrystyjány |
| genitive | христия́нина, християни́на xrystyjányna, xrystyjanýna |
христия́н xrystyján |
| dative | христия́нинові, христия́нину, християни́нові, християни́ну xrystyjánynovi, xrystyjánynu, xrystyjanýnovi, xrystyjanýnu |
христия́нам xrystyjánam |
| accusative | христия́нина, християни́на xrystyjányna, xrystyjanýna |
христия́н xrystyján |
| instrumental | христия́нином, християни́ном xrystyjánynom, xrystyjanýnom |
христия́нами xrystyjánamy |
| locative | христия́нинові, христия́нині, християни́нові, християни́ні xrystyjánynovi, xrystyjányni, xrystyjanýnovi, xrystyjanýni |
христия́нах xrystyjánax |
| vocative | христия́нине, християни́не xrystyjányne, xrystyjanýne |
христия́ни xrystyjány |
Note how the plural has only one form per slot.
There is no requirement that the lemmas in the two alternative specifications have different stress patterns, or that the associated specifications inside of <...> are the same. For example, сту́пінь (stúpinʹ, “step”) has two alternative declensions, one with an і -> е alternation (genitive singular сту́пеня) and the other with vowel reduction (genitive singular сту́пня). This can be specified as follows:
{{uk-ndecl|((сту́пінь<M.ie>,сту́пінь<M.*>))}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | сту́пінь stúpinʹ |
сту́пені, сту́пні stúpeni, stúpni |
| genitive | сту́пеня, сту́пня stúpenja, stúpnja |
сту́пенів, сту́пнів stúpeniv, stúpniv |
| dative | сту́пеневі, сту́пеню, сту́пневі, сту́пню stúpenevi, stúpenju, stúpnevi, stúpnju |
сту́пеням, сту́пням stúpenjam, stúpnjam |
| accusative | сту́пінь stúpinʹ |
сту́пені, сту́пні stúpeni, stúpni |
| instrumental | сту́пенем, сту́пнем stúpenem, stúpnem |
сту́пенями, сту́пнями stúpenjamy, stúpnjamy |
| locative | сту́пеню, сту́пені, сту́пню, сту́пні stúpenju, stúpeni, stúpnju, stúpni |
сту́пенях, сту́пнях stúpenjax, stúpnjax |
| vocative | сту́пеню, сту́пню stúpenju, stúpnju |
сту́пені, сту́пні stúpeni, stúpni |
Footnotes
Footnotes can be attached in any of the following three places:
- Onto an entire spec, applying to all forms generated by that spec. This is most useful when multiple alternative specs are used in a spec alternation.
- Onto a stress pattern, applying to all forms generated by the stress pattern.
- Onto an individual override, applying to that form.
An example is пе́рстень (pérstenʹ, “ring”), where the normal stem used in most forms is персн-. Regular forms using the stem пе́рстен- also exist but are rare. Specify this as follows:
{{uk-ndecl|((пе́рстень<M.*.stem:персн>,пе́рстень<M.[rare]>))}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | пе́рстень pérstenʹ |
пе́рсні, пе́рстені1 pérsni, pérsteni1 |
| genitive | пе́рсня, пе́рстеня1 pérsnja, pérstenja1 |
пе́рснів, пе́рстенів1 pérsniv, pérsteniv1 |
| dative | пе́рсневі, пе́рсню, пе́рстеневі1, пе́рстеню1 pérsnevi, pérsnju, pérstenevi1, pérstenju1 |
пе́рсням, пе́рстеням1 pérsnjam, pérstenjam1 |
| accusative | пе́рстень pérstenʹ |
пе́рсні, пе́рстені1 pérsni, pérsteni1 |
| instrumental | пе́рснем, пе́рстенем1 pérsnem, pérstenem1 |
пе́рснями, пе́рстенями1 pérsnjamy, pérstenjamy1 |
| locative | пе́рсню, пе́рсні, пе́рстеню1, пе́рстені1 pérsnju, pérsni, pérstenju1, pérsteni1 |
пе́рснях, пе́рстенях1 pérsnjax, pérstenjax1 |
| vocative | пе́рсню, пе́рстеню1 pérsnju, pérstenju1 |
пе́рсні, пе́рстені1 pérsni, pérsteni1 |
1Rare.
Here, we attach a footnote "rare" to the second of two specs in a spec alternation. The effect of this is that all forms generated by the second spec that are ***not*** also present in the first spec will have this footnote. (Hence, nominative and accusative singular пе́рстень will not have it.)
Another example that attaches a footnote to a single override is with вік (vik, “age, lifetime”), which has two locative singular forms, ві́ці (used with у (u)) and віку́ (used with на (na)). To indicate this, we can attach a footnote to the second form as follows:
{{uk-ndecl|вік<sg.loci:ú[''ві́ці'' is normally used with {{m|uk|у}}, and ''віку́'' with {{m|uk|на}}]>}}
which produces
Note that nested brackets, angle brackets, braces, etc. can occur inside the footnote as long as they are properly paired.
More complex examples
1. штани́ (štaný, “trousers, pants”) has the following forms:
- Nominative/accusative/vocative plural: штани́
- Genitive plural: штані́в
- Dative plural: шта́ням, штана́м
- Instrumental plural: шта́нями, штана́ми, штаньми́
- Locative plural: шта́нях, штана́х
The dative, instrumental and locative plural have both soft and hard endings, with different stress patterns. This suggests that a spec alternation could be used. Since the nominative plural only has hard endings, the soft alternative needs to use a soft-ending lemma and override the nominative plural. The result is as follows:
{{uk-ndecl|((шта́ні<M.#.pl.nompl:->,штани́<M.pl.insplamy:ьmy>))}}
which produces
The first alternative captures the soft stem-stressed forms, with a missing nominative plural override (see null and missing overrides above) and the reversed genitive-stress indicator #. The second alternative captures the hard ending-stressed forms, and specifies an instrumental plural override to capture the additional form штаньми́.
2. чо́біт (čóbit, “boot”) has mostly regular forms in the singular, with an і-о vowel alternation (e.g. genitive singular чо́бота) but has irregular locative singular чо́боту, чо́боті as well as the following forms in the plural:
- Nominative/accusative/vocative plural: чо́боти
- Genitive plural: чобі́т
- Dative plural: чо́ботам, чобо́тям
- Instrumental plural: чо́ботами, чобітьми́
- Locative plural: чо́ботах, чобо́тях
It is possible to use a spec alternation as in the previous example (where the second alternative uses plsoft and plstem:чобо́т), but in this case it may be simpler just to explicitly specify the irregular plural forms using full overrides:
{{uk-ndecl|чо́біт<io.locu:i.genpl:чобі́т.datpl:чо́ботам:чобо́тям.insplamy:ьmý.locpl:чо́ботах:чобо́тях>}}
which produces
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | чо́біт čóbit |
чо́боти čóboty |
| genitive | чо́бота čóbota |
чобі́т čobít |
| dative | чо́ботові, чо́боту čóbotovi, čóbotu |
чо́ботам, чобо́тям čóbotam, čobótjam |
| accusative | чо́біт čóbit |
чо́боти čóboty |
| instrumental | чо́ботом čóbotom |
чо́ботами, чобітьми́ čóbotamy, čobitʹmý |
| locative | чо́боту, чо́боті čóbotu, čóboti |
чо́ботах, чобо́тях čóbotax, čobótjax |
| vocative | чо́боте čóbote |
чо́боти čóboty |
Note the use of an ending override in the instrumental plural. Since the specified instrumental plural ending -ьми́ does not begin with a vowel, the non-vowel alternant with і instead of о is used. A full override would also be possible; conversely, an ending override could be used in the genitive plural, with a reversed genitive-plural stress indicator, i.e. #.genpl-.
The shortest equivalent using a spec alternation would be as follows:
{{uk-ndecl|((чо́біт<io.#.locu:i.genpl->,чо́біт<io.plsoft.plstem:чобо́т.nompl:-.genpl:-.insplьmý>))}}
Note that this is even longer than the specification using full overrides, and harder to understand.