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Wiktionary:About Franco-Provençal

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The following is a partial guide to the handling of Francoprovençal on Wiktionary. The language's name may hereafter be abbreviated to FP.

Writing systems

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Graphie BREL

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Description

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Semi-phonetic orthography devised by the Bureau régional pour l'ethnologie et la linguistique.

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Graphie de Conflans

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Description

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Semi-phonetic orthography devised by the Groupe de Conflans.[note 1]

ORB

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Description

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Partly etymological and partly diaphonemic orthography proposed by Dominique Stich as a written standard for FP. This is used for lemmatization on Wiktionary for lack of another option.

Sometimes a FP lemma on Wiktionary corresponds to an alternative form in Stich that has been judged a better overall fit for the regional realizations. For instance ârbro (as opposed to Stich's preferred âbro) has been chosen as a compromise between the regional types [-rb(V)r-], [-br-], and [-rb-].

Sources

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Phonetic transcriptions

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FP pronunciations on Wiktionary are given in phonetic form, not phonemic. Due to the language's high degree of regional variation, it is inadvisable to add any phonemic transcription without first determining the specific phonology of the (micro-)dialect in question.

All transcriptions are either taken from a linguistic atlas or carefully made by an editor on the basis of a cited audio recording. Most of the atlases use pre-modern phonetic notations, an overview of which is provided below.

Rousselot–Gilliéron notation

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Devised in the late nineteenth century by Jean-Pierre Rousselot and Jules Gilliéron. Its use in the monumental Atlas linguistique de la France made it the predominant notation in French dialectology for most of the twentieth century.

Vowels

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Vowel qualities found in the ALF, ALLy, and TPh.
The IPA approximations used on Wiktionary are placed in parentheses.

The “core” vowels are ⟨i u e œ a ė o ꭒ⟩, which stand for [i̞ y̞ e̞ ø̞ ä ə o̞ u̞] respectively. These form the basis for all other vowel notations.

Quality

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  • ◌̀ indicates a relatively open vowel; ◌́ a relatively close vowel.
    • Example: ⟨è⟩ stands for [ɛ], the vowel one degree lower than ⟨e⟩ [e̞].
    • Exceptions: ⟨à⟩ and ⟨á⟩ stand for front [a] and back [ɑ] respectively (not *[ä̞], *[ä̝]).
  • Vowel superpositions indicate intermediate qualities.
    • Example: ⟨eͥ⟩ stands for [e̝], the vowel between ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩.[note 2]
  • ◌̇ indicates mid-centralization (only in the TPh).
    • Exception: since ⟨ė⟩ is reserved for schwa, the mid-centralized counterpart to ⟨e⟩ is instead written ⟨ë⟩.

Other properties

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  • ◌̆ indicates a relatively short duration; ◌̄ a relatively long duration.
    • Example: ⟨ū́⟩ stands for [yː].
    • Duration is rarely specified for ⟨ė⟩ (schwa) and never for weakly articulated vowels.
  • ◌̃ indicates nasalization.
    • Example: ⟨è̃⟩ stands for [ɛ̃].
    • A somewhat wavier tilde, for which there is no unicode symbol, indicates partial nasalization.[note 3]
  • Subscript is used to indicate weak articulation.
    • Example: ⟨ₑ̇⟩ stands for [ə͉].
  • ◌̩ indicates stress.
    • Example: ⟨á̩⟩ stands for [ˈɑ] or [ˌɑ].
    • It is commonly omitted in oxytones, i.e. where French speakers would naturally expect it.

Differences in transcription style

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ALF

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  • Shows a strong bias towards the “classical” French vowels ⟨é è á à ò ó⟩. Intermediate or indeterminate ⟨e a o⟩ are uncommon, except in the context of weak articulation.
  • Shows a strong tendency to mark vowels as either short or long, leaving few with intermediate or indeterminate duration.

ALLy

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  • Shows much the same bias towards “classical” French vowels as the ALF.
  • Vowel duration is rarely marked.

TPh

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  • The top two vowel heights are not distinguished: ⟨í⟩ is transcribed as ⟨i⟩, etc.[note 4]

Sources

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Regional groupings

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Faute de mieux, a series of arbitrary groupings has been adapted here from Stich 2003.

Neuchâtelois

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Description

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Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel.

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Old Neuchâtelois

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Description

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Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from the city of Neuchâtel.

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Vaudois

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Description

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Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the Swiss canton of Vaud.

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Old Vaudois

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Description

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Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from the Vaud.

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Fribourgeois

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Description

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Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the Swiss canton of Fribourg.

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Old Fribourgeois

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Description

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Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from the city of Fribourg.

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Valaisan

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Description

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Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the Swiss canton of Valais.

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Old Valaisan

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Description

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Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from Valais.

Valdôtain

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Description

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Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the Italian region of Aosta Valley.

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Piemontais

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Description

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Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the Italian region of Piedmont.

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Apulien

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Description

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Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the Italian region of Apulia.

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Savoyard

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Description

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Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the French departments of Savoie and Haute-Savoie.

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Old Savoyard

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Description

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Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from the city of Chambéry.

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Genevois

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Description

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Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the Swiss canton of Geneva.

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Comtois

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Description

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Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the former territory of the former French province of Franche-Comté.

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Bugiste

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Description

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Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the territory of the French region of Bugey.

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Dauphinois

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Description

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Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the former territory of the French province of Dauphiné.

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Old Dauphinois

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Description

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Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from the city of Grenoble.

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Dombiste

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Description

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Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the territory of the French region of Dombes.

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Bressan

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Description

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Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the territory of the French region of Bresse.

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Old Bressan

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Description

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Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from Bresse.

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Mâconnais

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Description

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Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the present territory of the French arrondissement of Mâcon.

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Beaujolais

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Description

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Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the territory of the French region of Beaujolais.

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Old Beaujolais

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Description

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Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from Beaujolais.

Lyonnais

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Description

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Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the former territory of the French province of Lyonnais.

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Old Lyonnais

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Description

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Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from the city of Lyon.

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Forézien

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Description

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Varieties of modern Francoprovençal spoken within the territory of the French region of Forez.

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Old Forézien

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Description

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Francoprovençal forms in medieval texts from region of Forez.

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Bibliography

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AIS

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Citation

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Jaberg, Karl & Jud, Jakob. 1928‒40. Sprach- und Sachatlas Italiens und der Südschweiz. Zofingen: Ringier.

Dates of fieldwork

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1919‒28

Phonetic notation

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  • Böhmer‒Ascoli

Online access

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ALF

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Citation

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Gilliéron, Jules & Edmont, Edmond. 1902‒10. Atlas linguistique de la France. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.

Dates of fieldwork

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1897‒1901

Phonetic notation

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Online access

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ALLy

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Bibliographic information

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Gardette, Pierre. 1950‒76. Atlas linguistique et ethnographique du Lyonnais. Paris: CNRS.

Dates of fieldwork

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1945‒8

Phonetic notation

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Online access

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ALP

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(shortened from ALEPO)

Citation

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Vv.Aa. 2003‒. Atlante Linguistico ed Etnografico del Piemonte Occidentale - ALEPO.

Dates of fieldwork

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1980‒91

Phonetic notation

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  • International Phonetic Alphabet

Online access

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ALV

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(shortened from ALAVAL)

Citation

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Diémoz, Federica & Kristol, Andres (eds). 2019. Atlas linguistique audiovisuel du francoprovençal valaisan. Neuchâtel: University of Neuchâtel.

Dates of fieldwork

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1994‒2001

Phonetic notation

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  • International Phonetic Alphabet

Online access

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APV

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Citation

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Fave, Saverio & Raimondi, Gianmario (eds.) 2020. Atlas des patois valdôtains. APV/1 – Le lait et les activités laitières. Arvier: Le Château.

Dates of fieldwork

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1973‒2001

Phonetic notation

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  • International Phonetic Alphabet

Online access

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DFF

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Citation

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University of Montréal. Dictionnaire Français/Francoprovençal. <https://dicofranpro.llm.umontreal.ca>

Writing system

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DFP

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Citation

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Kolly, Albert & Monnard, Jean-Marie & Thorimbert, Jean-Louis. 2013. Dictionnaire français-patois. Société cantonale des patoisants fribourgeois.

Online access

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<https://apps.apple.com/za/app/dikchen%C3%A9ro/id710440993> for a free application featuring much of its content

DGL

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Citation

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Vv.Aa. 2011. Dizionario Giaglionese. Borgone: Edizione del Graffio.

Writing system

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An esoteric semi-phonetic orthography.[note 6]

Online access

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DLG

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Citation

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University of Zurich. Documents linguistiques galloromans. <https://www.rose.uzh.ch/docling/>

DPB

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Citation

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Comby, Auguste. 1994. Dictionnaire du patois de Belleroche (Loire). Dijon: Association bourguinonne de Dialectologie et d'Onomastique / Institut Pierre Gardette.

Writing system

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DSV

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Citation

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Constantin, Aimé & Désormaux, Joseph. 1902. Dictionnaire savoyard. Paris: Librairie Émile Bouillon / Annecy : Imprimerie Abry.

Writing system

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Esoteric; see pages XXV–XLII.

Online access

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GPSR

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Bibliographical information

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Gauchet, Louis & Jeanjaquet, Jules & Tappolet, Ernest. 1924‒33. Glossaire des patois de la Suisse romande. Neuchâtel: Attinger.

Online access

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<https://www.unine.ch/isla/en/home/presentation/gpsr.html>

LPT

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Citation

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Célestin, Duch. Béjean, Henri. 1998. Le patois de Tignes (Savoie). Grenoble: ELLUG.

Writing system

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MHN

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Citation

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Matile, George-Auguste. 1844–8. Monuments de l'histoire de Neuchâtel. 2 vols. Neuchâtel: Attinger.

Online access

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PhL

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Citation

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Philipon, Édouard. 1884. “Phonétique lyonnaise au XIVe siècle”. Romania. 13: 542–90.

Online access

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<https://www.persee.fr/doc/roma_0035-8029_1884_num_13_52_6326>

PVA

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Citation

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Autonomous region of Aosta Valley. PatoisVdA. <https://www.patoisvda.org/>

Writing system

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Graphie BREL

RPGR

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Citation

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Gilliéron, Jules & Rousselot, Jean-Pierre. 1887–92. Revue des patois gallo-romans. 5 vols. Paris/Neuchâtel: Champion/Attinger (1887–8), Paris: Welter (1890–2).

Online access

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<https://archive.org/search?query=Revue+des+patois+gallo-romans>

SSV

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Citation

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Vv.Aa. Mémoires et documents. Chambéry: Société savoisienne d'histoire et d'archéologie.

Online access

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Stich 2001

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Citation

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Stich, Dominique. 2001. Francoprovençal: Proposition d'une orthographe supra-dialectale standardisée. Thesis. University of Paris.

Writing system

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Online access

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<http://www.arpitania.eu/aca/documents/These_Stich_2001.pdf>

Stich 2003

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Citation

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Stich, Dominique. 2003. Dictionnaire francoprovençal/français, français/francoprovençal: Dictionnaire des mots de base du francoprovençal: Orthographe ORB supradialectale standardisée. Thonon-les-Bains: Éditions Le Carré.

Writing system

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TPh

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Citation

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Gauchet, Louis & Jeanjaquet, Jules & Tappolet, Ernest. 1925. Tableaux phonétiques des patois suisses romands: relevés comparatifs d’environ 500 mots dans 62 patois-types. Neuchâtel: Attinger.

Dates of fieldwork

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1904‒7

Phonetic notation

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Online access

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VFC

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Citation

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Genta, Diego Toumazìna & Santacroce, Claudio. 2013. Vocabolario del patois francoprovenzale di Ceres (Valli di Lanzo). Turin: Il Punto.

Writing system

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VIV

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(shortened from VIVALDI)

Citation

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Kattenbusch, Dieter et al. (1998‒), Vivaio acustico delle lingue e dei dialetti d’Italia. Berlin: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Romanistik.

Dates of fieldwork

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1992‒present

Phonetic notation

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  • Böhmer‒Ascoli

Online access

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Notes

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  1. ^ See here for an overview.
  2. ^ More precisely, the vowel between ⟨é⟩ and ⟨ì⟩. Acute and grave accents are frequently omitted in superpositions.
  3. ^ In IPA this can be represented as ⁽◌̃⁾.
  4. ^ Due to this ambiguity, the TPh's ⟨i u ꭒ⟩ are transcribed on Wiktionary as [i y u], as opposed to the [i̞ y̞ u̞] used to transcribe the same symbols in the ALF and ALLy. (See the table above.)
  5. ^ The DFF places the local parler bugiste under “bressan” for convenience.
  6. ^ An overview is available here.
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