don
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English
editPronunciation
edit- (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /dɒn/
- (General American) IPA(key): /dɑn/
Audio (US): (file) - Homophones: Don; dawn (cot–caught merger)
- Rhymes: -ɒn
Etymology 1
editFrom Latin dominus (“lord, head of household”), akin to Italian don, Sicilian don, Spanish don; from domus (“house”). Doublet of dom, domine, dominie, and dominus.
Noun
editdon (plural dons)
- A university professor, particularly one at Oxford or Cambridge.
- 1859–1861, [Thomas Hughes], chapter I, in Tom Brown at Oxford: […], part 1st, Boston, Mass.: Ticknor and Fields, published 1861, →OCLC, page 12:
- No one feeds at the high table except the dons and the gentlemen-commoners, who are undergraduates in velvet caps and silk gowns[.]
- 1876, George Eliot [pseudonym; Mary Ann Evans], chapter XVI, in Daniel Deronda, volume I, Edinburgh; London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC, book II (Meeting Streams), page 321:
- The truth is, unless a man can get the prestige and income of a Don and write donnish books, it’s hardly worth while for him to make a Greek and Latin machine of himself and be able to spin you out pages of the Greek dramatists at any verse you’ll give him as a cue.
- An employee of a university residence who lives among the student residents.
- A mafia boss.
- A (usually Spanish or Italian) title of respect to a man, especially a lord or nobleman.
- Coordinate term: donna
- 1845 September, Charles F. Ellerman, “Reminiscences of the Island of Cuba”, in Simmonds’s Colonial Magazine, volume VI, number 21, London, chapter VIII (Mrs. Smith seized with furor scribendi, writes a lengthy Epistle to her dear Cousin Mrs. Margery Stubbs), page 79:
- Wo often of an evening go and hear the band in the square opposite the captin-giniral’s palace—it is here were the dons and donnas and all the fashionables assemble, and I must say it’s amusing.
- 1906 August, Harry H. Dunn, “Afoot in California”, in Western Field, volume 9, number 1, San Francisco, Calif., page 481, column 1:
- Time was when the walker amid California vales could stop at some cool cellar hid in these western hills and pour from great flagons a shimmering glass of cool red wine. Nowadays, the hand of the law has stepped in and spoiled all this, because the hordes of wanderers who have come west have made of these resting places questionable resorts—made of them places that the Spanish dons and donnas never dreamed of.
- 2019, Caleb Stewart Rossiter, “Taking the Handles: Debating History and Morality”, in The Turkey and the Eagle: The Struggle for America’s Global Role, New York, N.Y.: Algora Publishing, →ISBN, page 283:
- A sustained media campaign against American domination would require the support of just a few dot-com dons and donnas or hedge fund phenoms who want to head straight for structural change and skip the reformist way stations supported by philanthropic business leaders like Bill Gates, Warren Buffett, Ben Cohen, Gary Hirshberg, and the later[ ]Paul Newman’s family.
- (MLE) Any man, bloke, dude.
- Synonym: donny
Derived terms
editRelated terms
editTranslations
editEtymology 2
editFrom Middle English don (“to put on”), from Old English dōn on. Compare also doff, dup, dout.
Verb
editdon (third-person singular simple present dons, present participle donning, simple past and past participle donned)
- (transitive) To put on clothing; to dress (oneself) in an article of personal attire.
- Synonyms: put on, clothe, dight, enrobe; see also Thesaurus:clothe
- Antonym: doff
- To don one's clothes.
- 1886-88, Richard Francis Burton, The Supplemental Nights to the Thousand Nights and a Night:
- Now when he had reached the King's capital wherein was Alaeddin, he alighted at one of the Kháns; and, when he had rested from the weariness of wayfare, he donned his dress and went down to wander about the streets, where he never passed a group without hearing them prate about the pavilion and its grandeur and vaunt the beauty of Alaeddin and his lovesomeness, his liberality and generosity, his fine manners and his good morals.
- 2022 March 23, Paul Bigland, “HS2 is just 'passing through'”, in RAIL, number 953, page 41:
- Having donned our PPE, we walk through the site to the prefab that controls access to the tunnel.
Derived terms
editTranslations
edit
|
See also
editSee also
edit- ram-don (etymologically unrelated)
Anagrams
editAlbanian
editAlternative forms
edit- do (Standard Albanian)
Etymology
editGheg variant of Standard Albanian do (“(it) wants, needs, loves, likes”) and do (“you want, need, love, like”).
Verb
editdon (aorist dashta, participle dashtë) (Gheg forms)
Conjugation
edit- Standard Albanian conjugation:
Show compound tenses:
participle | dashur | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gerund | duke dashur | ||||||
infinitive | për të dashur | ||||||
singular | plural | ||||||
1st pers. | 2nd pers. | 3rd pers. | 1st pers. | 2nd pers. | 3rd pers. | ||
indicative | present | dua | do | do | duam | doni | duan |
imperfect | doja | doje | donte | donim | donit | donin | |
aorist | desha | deshe | deshi | deshëm | deshët | deshën | |
perfect | kam dashur | ke dashur | ka dashur | kemi dashur | keni dashur | kanë dashur | |
past perfect | kisha dashur | kishe dashur | kishte dashur | kishim dashur | kishit dashur | kishin dashur | |
aorist II | pata dashur | pate dashur | pati dashur | patëm dashur | patët dashur | patën dashur | |
future1 | do të dua | do të duash | do të dojë | do të duam | do të doni | do të duan | |
future perfect2 | do të kem dashur | do të kesh dashur | do të ketë dashur | do të kemi dashur | do të keni dashur | do të kenë dashur | |
subjunctive | present | të dua | të duash | të dojë | të duam | të doni | të duan |
imperfect | të doja | të doje | të donte | të donim | të donit | të donin | |
perfect | të kem dashur | të kesh dashur | të ketë dashur | të kemi dashur | të keni dashur | të kenë dashur | |
past perfect | të kisha dashur | të kishe dashur | të kishte dashur | të kishim dashur | të kishit dashur | të kishin dashur | |
conditional1, 2 | imperfect | do të doja | do të doje | do të donte | do të donim | do të donit | do të donin |
past perfect | do të kisha dashur | do të kishe dashur | do të kishte dashur | do të kishim dashur | do të kishit dashur | do të kishin dashur | |
optative | present | daça | daç | dantë | dançim | dançit | dançin |
perfect | paça dashur | paç dashur | pastë dashur | paçim dashur | paçit dashur | paçin dashur | |
admirative | present | dashkam | dashke | dashka | dashkemi | dashkeni | dashkan |
imperfect | dashkësha | dashkëshe | dashkësh | dashkëshim | dashkëshit | dashkëshin | |
perfect | paskam dashur | paske dashur | paska dashur | paskemi dashur | paskeni dashur | paskan dashur | |
past perfect | paskësha dashur | paskëshe dashur | paskësh dashur | paskëshim dashur | paskëshit dashur | paskëshin dashur | |
imperative | present | — | duaj | — | — | doni | — |
1) indicative future identical with conditional present 2) indicative future perfect identical with conditional perfect |
Related terms
editAzerbaijani
editPronunciation
editAudio: (file)
Etymology 1
editFrom Proto-Turkic *tōn. Cognate with Chuvash тум (tum).
Noun
editdon (definite accusative donu, plural donlar)
- dress (worn by women)
- Synonym: paltar
- gown (loose, flowing upper garment)
- (figurative) raiment, attire, garb, habiliments
- appearance, look (of a person)
Declension
editDeclension of don | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | |||||||
nominative | don |
donlar | ||||||
definite accusative | donu |
donları | ||||||
dative | dona |
donlara | ||||||
locative | donda |
donlarda | ||||||
ablative | dondan |
donlardan | ||||||
definite genitive | donun |
donların |
Derived terms
editRelated terms
edit- donanma (“fleet; navy”)
Etymology 2
editFrom Proto-Turkic *doŋ (“frozen; frost”). See Bashkir туң (tuñ) for more cognates.
Adjective
editdon (comparative daha don, superlative ən don)
Noun
editdon (definite accusative donu, plural donlar)
Derived terms
editFurther reading
edit- “don” in Obastan.com.
Bambara
editEtymology 1
editPronunciation
editNoun
editdon
Etymology 2
editVerb
editdon (tone dòn)
- (intransitive) to enter
- (transitive) to put (something into something)
- to put on, wear (of clothing)
Derived terms
editEtymology 3
editPredicative
editdon (tone dòn)
- marks the predicate
References
edit- 2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.
Breton
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Brythonic *duβn, from Proto-Celtic *dubnos, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰubʰnós.
Adjective
editdon
Casiguran Dumagat Agta
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Philippine *dahun, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dahun.
Noun
editdön
- leaf (of a plant)
Czech
editEtymology
editBorrowed from Spanish don, which is from Latin dominus (“lord”).
Pronunciation
editNoun
editdon m anim
- (in Italian environment) (Originally a title of honour of the Pope, later used for all priests and later for aristocrats)
- don Giovanni ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- (Spanish noble title) [19th c.]
- (title of respect in front of Spanish given names)
- don José ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- don (maffia boss)
- 2003, Miroslav Nožina, Mezinárodní organizovaný zločin v České republice, Themis, →ISBN, page 156:
- Roku 1876 mafiánský don Raffaele Palizollo reformoval dosavadní strategii nevměšování se mafie do veřejného života.
- In 1876 mafia don Raffaele Palizollo reformed the previous strategy of mafia not interfering into public affairs.
Declension
editRelated terms
editFurther reading
edit- Rejzek, Jiří (2015) “don”, in Český etymologický slovník [Czech Etymological Dictionary] (in Czech), 3rd (revised and expanded) edition, Praha: LEDA, →ISBN, page 153
- "don" in Věra Petráčková, Jiří Kraus et al. Akademický slovník cizích slov. Academia, 1995, ISBN 80-200-0497-1, page 175.
- “don”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
- “don”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989
Anagrams
editDupaningan Agta
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Philippine *dahun, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dahun.
Noun
editdon
- leaf (of a plant)
French
editEtymology
editInherited from Old French don, from Latin dōnum.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editdon m (plural dons)
Derived terms
editDerived terms
editFurther reading
edit- “don”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Galician
editEtymology
editFrom Late Latin domnus, from Latin dominus (“lord”). Cognates include Spanish don.
Noun
editdon m (plural dons, feminine dona, feminine plural donas)
Synonyms
edit- (courtesy treatment): señor
Related terms
editFurther reading
edit- “don”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2024
Irish
editEtymology 1
editAlternative forms
edit- do’n (superseded)
- ’on (colloquial)
Pronunciation
editContraction
editdon
- Contraction of do an.
- Thug mé don bhuachaill é. ― I gave it to the boy.
- Tá mé ag dul don Spáinn. ― I'm going to Spain.
Usage notes
editThis contraction is obligatory, i.e. *do an never appears uncontracted. It triggers lenition of a following consonant other than d, s, or t.
Related terms
editBasic form | Contracted with | Copular forms | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
an (“the sg”) | na (“the pl”) | mo (“my”) | do (“your”) | a (“his, her, their; which (present)”) | ár (“our”) | ar (“which (past)”) | (before consonant) | (present/future before vowel) | (past/conditional before vowel) | |
de (“from”) | den | de na desna* |
de mo dem* |
de do ded*, det* |
dá | dár | dar | darb | darbh | |
do (“to, for”) | don | do na dosna* |
do mo dom* |
do do dod*, dot* |
dá | dár | dar | darb | darbh | |
faoi (“under, about”) | faoin | faoi na | faoi mo | faoi do | faoina | faoinár | faoinar | faoinarb | faoinarbh | |
i (“in”) | sa, san | sna | i mo im* |
i do id*, it* |
ina | inár | inar | inarb | inarbh | |
le (“with”) | leis an | leis na | le mo lem* |
le do led*, let* |
lena | lenár | lenar | lenarb | lenarbh | |
ó (“from, since”) | ón | ó na ósna* |
ó mo óm* |
ó do ód*, ót* |
óna | ónár | ónar | ónarb | ónarbh | |
trí (“through”) | tríd an | trí na | trí mo | trí do | trína | trínár | trínar | trínarb | trínarbh | |
*Dialectal. |
Etymology 2
editFrom Old Irish don (“misfortune, evil”).
Pronunciation
editNoun
editdon
Usage notes
editUsed only in a few stock maledictions such as Do dhon is do dhuais ort!, Don is duais ort!, Mo dhon is mo dhograinn ort! (all basically "bad luck to you!") and Don d’fhiafraí ort! (“Don’t be so inquisitive!”).
Derived terms
editMutation
editradical | lenition | eclipsis |
---|---|---|
don | dhon | ndon |
Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.
Further reading
edit- Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “don”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
- de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “don”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
- “don”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2024
Italian
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editFrom a shortening of an earlier donno, from dom'no (used by Dante), from Latin domnus < dominus. Compare Sicilian don.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editdon m (invariable)
- Father (a title given to priests)
- a title of respect to a man
Descendants
edit- → French: dom
Jamaican Creole
editEtymology
editFrom English don, particularly in the sense of a crime boss.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editdon (plural don dem, quantified don)
- don, leader, community leader, crime boss, head of a garrison (leader)
- Dem figet seh mi a di one don?
- Have they forgotten that I'm the one true leader?
- From di word start go roun' seh him want turn di don, a whole heap a man start pree him and warn him fi be careful.
- As soon as word got around that he wanted to become the community leader, a lot of people took notice of him and warned him to be careful.
Derived terms
editJapanese
editRomanization
editdon
Middle English
editEtymology 1
editFrom Old English dōn, from Proto-West Germanic *dōn, from Proto-Germanic *dōną.
Alternative forms
editPronunciation
editVerb
editdon
- To do, perform (an activity)
- To complete, finish
- To make, create
- To put, place, position, raise
- To remove, take away
- To go or move (in a specified direction)
- To behave (in a specified manner)
- (auxiliary) To cause (an action or state)
- (auxiliary) Emphasises the verb that follows it
- (auxiliary) Stands in for a verb in a dependent clause
Usage notes
editAs in modern English, several uses of this verb are highly idiomatic.
Conjugation
editinfinitive | (to) don, do | ||
---|---|---|---|
present tense | past tense | ||
1st-person singular | do | dide | |
2nd-person singular | dost, dest | didest, dide | |
3rd-person singular | doth, deth | dide | |
subjunctive singular | do | ||
imperative singular | — | ||
plural1 | don, do | diden, dide | |
imperative plural | doth, do | — | |
participles | doynge, donde | don, do, ydon, ydo |
1Sometimes used as a formal 2nd-person singular.
Derived terms
editDescendants
editReferences
edit- “dọ̄n, v.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-03-12.
- Wright, Joseph, and Elizabeth Mary Wright. An Elementary Middle English Grammar, p193. Oxford University Press, 1923.
Etymology 2
editFrom Old English dōn on.
Pronunciation
editVerb
editdon
Conjugation
edit1Sometimes used as a formal 2nd-person singular.
Descendants
editReferences
edit- “don, v.(2).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.
Middle Low German
editEtymology
editVerb
editdôn
- to do
Conjugation
editIrregular: present 1sg dô, 2sg deist (dôst, dṏst), 3sg deit (dôt, dṏt), pl. dôn, dôt, dṏt, preterit 1sg dede, 2sg dêdest, 3sg dede, pl. dêden, past participle gedân, dân
Nigerian Pidgin
editEtymology
editVerb
editdon
Northern Kurdish
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editFrom Arabic دُهْن (duhn). But compare Turkish donyağı, don yağı (“tallow”), which is said to be from the root of donmak (“to freeze”).
Noun
editdon m
- (melted) fat, grease
- Synonym: bez
- Bîne nanê genimî, duhn bide, bêxe leşê min, ezê sax bim. ― Bring wheat bread, spread it with fat, put it on my body and I shall be cured [i.e., come to life again].
References
edit- Chyet, Michael L. (2020) “don”, in Ferhenga Birûskî: Kurmanji–English Dictionary (Language Series; 1), volume I, London: Transnational Press, page 201b
- Gülensoy, Tuncer (1994) “don”, in Kürtçenin Etimolojik Sözlüğü [Etymological Dictionary of Kurdish][3] (in Turkish), Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, page 65
Northern Sami
editEtymology 1
editFrom Proto-Samic *tonë.
Pronunciation
editPronoun
editdon
- you (singular)
Inflection
editInflection of don (irregular) | |
---|---|
Nominative | don |
Genitive | dū |
Nominative | don |
Genitive | dū |
Accusative | dū |
Illative | dutnje |
Locative | dūs |
Comitative | duinna |
Essive | dūnin |
See also
editPersonal pronouns | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | dual | plural | |
1st person | mun | moai | mii |
2nd person | don | doai | dii |
3rd person | son | soai | sii |
Further reading
edit- Koponen, Eino, Ruppel, Klaas, Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002–2008), Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages[4], Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland
Etymology 2
editSee the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Pronunciation
editDeterminer
editdōn
Occitan
editEtymology
editPronunciation
editNoun
editdon m (plural dons)
- gift (something given to another voluntarily)
- gift (a talent or natural ability)
- donation (a voluntary gift or contribution for a specific cause)
Related terms
editOld English
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-West Germanic *dōn (“to do”). The exact development of past tense forms dyde, dydest, and dydon is unexplained, for such forms have -y- instead of expected *-e- (*dede, *dedest, *dedon) from Proto-Germanic past stem *ded-/*dēd-.
Pronunciation
editVerb
editdōn
- to do
- Hwæt dēst þū?
- What are you doing?
- c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
- Iċ dyde swā iċ meahte.
- I did what I could.
- c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 17:12
- Hīe dydon swā hwæt swā hīe woldon.
- They did whatever they wanted.
- late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Genesis 41:55
- Gangaþ tō Iosepe and dōþ swā hwæt swā hē ēow seċġe.
- Go to Joseph and do whatever he tells you.
- c. 995, Ælfric, Extracts on Grammar in English
- Ǣte þū tōdæġ? Iċ dyde.
- Did you eat today? I did.
- c. 992, Ælfric, "Sermon on the Beginning of Creation"
- Þæt ċild wēox swā swā ōðru ċildru dōþ.
- The child grew as other children do.
- late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Genesis 3:8
- Þā behȳdde Adam hine, and his wīf ēac swā dyde, fram Godes ġesihte.
- Then Adam hid himself from God's sight, and his wife did so too.
- to make, cause
- c. 992, Ælfric, "The Passion of St. Bartholomew the Apostle"
- Þū dydest mīnne brōðor his god forlǣtan.
- You made my brother renounce his god.
- c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 3:3
- Ġeġearwiaþ Dryhtnes weġ, dōþ his sīðas rihte.
- Prepare the way of the Lord, make his paths straight.
- c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 4:19
- Folgiaþ mē, and iċ dō þæt ġit bēoþ manna fisċeras.
- Follow me, and I'll make you fishers of people.
- late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Genesis 42:36
- Þā cwæþ Iācōb heora fæder, "Bearnlēasne ġē habbaþ mē ġedōnne. Næbbe iċ Iōsēp and Simeon is on bendum; nū ġē nimaþ Beniamin æt mē."
- Then Jacob, their father, said, "You have made me childless. I don't have Joseph and Simeon is in chains; now you're taking Benjamin from me."
- c. 992, Ælfric, "The Nativity of St. Andrew the Apostle"
- Swā swā hī ǣr mid nette fixodon on sǣlicum ȳðum, swā dyde Crist þæt hī siððan mid his heofonlīcan lāre manna sāwla ġefixodon; forðan ðe hī ætbrūdon folces menn fram flǣsclīcum lustum, and fram woruldlīcum ġedwyldum tō staðolfæstnysse lybbendra eorðan, þæt is tō ðām ēċan ēðle, be ðām cwæð sē witega þurh Godes Gāst, "Iċ āsende mīne fisċeras, and hī ġefixiað hī; mīne huntan, and hī huntiað hī of ǣlċere dūne and of ǣlċere hylle."
- As they before with a net had fished on the sea waves, so Christ caused them afterwards by his heavenly lore to fish for the souls of men; for they withdrew the people from fleshly lusts, and from worldly errors to the stability of the earth of the living, that is, to the eternal country, of which the prophet, through God's Spirit, said, "I will send my fishers, and they shall fish for them; my hunters, and they shall hunt them from every down and from every hill."
- late 10th century, Ælfric, "Memory of the Saints"
- Sē fēorða leahtor is ira þæt is on englisċ wēamōdnyss. Sēo dēð þæt sē man nāh his mōdes ġeweald and macað manslihtas and myċele yfelu.
- The fourth sin is Ira, that is in English, Anger; it causeth that a man have no power over his mind, and bringeth about manslaughters and many evils.
- c. 992, Ælfric, "The Passion of St. Bartholomew the Apostle"
- to put
- c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Mark 7:33
- Hē dyde his fingras on his ēaran.
- He put his fingers in his ears.
- c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Matthew 26:52
- Þā cwæþ sē Hǣlend tō him, "Dō þīn sweord eft on his sċēaðe."
- Then Jesus said to him, "Put your sword back in its sheath."
- late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Genesis 9:23
- Hwæt þā Sēm and Iapheth dydon ānne hwītel on heora sċuldran and ēodon underbæc.
- So then Shem and Japheth put a blanket on their shoulders and walked backwards.
- c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Mark 7:33
- to add
- c. 1011, Byrhtferth, Manual[5]:
- Blōtmōnaþ hæfþ seofon rēgulārēs. Dō þrītiġ þǣr tō, þonne bēoþ þæt seofon and þrītiġ.
- November has seven regulares. Add thirty to that, and it is thirty-seven.
- to take off, remove
- late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Exodus 3:5
- Dō þīn ġesċȳ of þīnum fōtum! Sōðlīċe sēo stōw þe þū on stentst is hālgu eorðe.
- Take your shoes off your feet! The place you're standing on is holy ground.
- late 10th century, Ælfric, the Old English Hexateuch, Exodus 3:5
- to treat someone (+ dative) a certain way
- c. 973, Æthelwold, translation of the Rule of Saint Benedict
- XXXV. Be þām þæt man eallum munucum ġelīċe dōn sċyle.
- 35. On how all monks should be treated equally.
- late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of Boethius' The Consolation of Philosophy
- Ēalā hū yfele mē dōþ maniġe weoroldmenn mid þām þæt iċ ne mōt wealdan mīnra āgenra þēawa.
- Many worldly people treat me so badly, I'm not allowed to use my own strengths.
- c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Luke 16:19
- Nū iċ neom wierðe þæt iċ bēo þīn sunu nemned. Dō mē swā ānne of þīnum ierðlingum.
- I don't deserve to be called your son anymore. Treat me as one of your fieldworkers.
- c. 973, Æthelwold, translation of the Rule of Saint Benedict
- to give (+dative)
- late 10th century, Ælfric, "Chair of Saint Peter"
- ...Næbbe iċ seolfor ne gold, iċ þē dō þæt iċ hæbbe...
- ...I have neither silver nor gold, I give thee that I have...
- late 10th century, Ælfric, "Chair of Saint Peter"
Usage notes
edit- Old English does not have do-support. While dōn does have auxiliary function in Old English, such uses are purely causative, equivalent to modern "to make" or "to cause to" (as per sense 2 above). Therefore, when asking "do you hate me?", one would say hatast þū mē? (literally "hatest thou me?"), not dēst þū mē hatian? (which would instead mean "do you make me hate?").
- There are some emphatic uses of dōn that bear some resemblance to do-support constructions, often involving the ǣġþer ġe ("both ... and ...") construction and other verbs in apposition, although the apposed verbs are finite rather than infinitives. In such contexts, dōn is generally better translated with "to be", and the apposed verbs with participles or adjectives as necessary: sē catt dēþ ǣġþer ġe slǣpð ġe wacaþ ("the cat is both asleep and awake", or if translated with do-support, "the cat does both sleep and be awake").
- Dōn can be used as a pro-verb (i.e. standing in for another verb, generally replacing one that was previously mentioned to avoid repetition), like the modern verb: Hatast þū mē swā swā hēo dēþ? ("Do you hate me like she does?")
Conjugation
editinfinitive | dōn | dōnne |
---|---|---|
indicative mood | present tense | past tense |
first person singular | dō | dyde |
second person singular | dēst | dydest |
third person singular | dēþ | dyde |
plural | dōþ | dydon |
subjunctive | present tense | past tense |
singular | dō | dyde |
plural | dōn | dyden |
imperative | ||
singular | dō | |
plural | dōþ | |
participle | present | past |
dōnde | (ġe)dōn |
Derived terms
editDescendants
editReferences
edit- Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller (1898) “don”, in An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary[6], 2nd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Old French
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editPronunciation
editNoun
editdon oblique singular, m (oblique plural dons, nominative singular dons, nominative plural don)
Descendants
editOld Irish
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editUniverbation of di (“of/from”) + in (“the sg”)
Article
editdon
- of/from the sg
Alternative forms
editEtymology 2
editUniverbation of do (“to/for”) + in (“the sg”)
Article
editdon
- to/for the sg
Alternative forms
editEtymology 3
editNoun
editdon (gender unknown)
Descendants
edit- Irish: don
Mutation
editradical | lenition | nasalization |
---|---|---|
don | don pronounced with /ð(ʲ)-/ |
ndon |
Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.
Old Saxon
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-West Germanic *dōn.
Verb
editdōn
- to do
Conjugation
editinfinitive | dōn | |
---|---|---|
indicative | present | past |
1st person singular | dōm | deda |
2nd person singular | dōs | dādi |
3rd person singular | dōd | deda |
plural | dōth | dādun |
subjunctive | present | past |
1st person singular | dōe | dādi |
2nd person singular | dōes | dādis |
3rd person singular | dōe | dādi |
plural | dōen | dādin |
imperative | present | |
singular | dō | |
plural | dōth | |
participle | present | past |
dōndi | gidōn, dōn |
Descendants
editOld Spanish
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editFrom Late Latin dom, from domnus (“master, sir”), from Latin dominus, from domus (“a house”).
Noun
editdon m (plural dones)
- (honorific) sir, master; a title prefixed to male given names
- c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 1r:
- [R]emont por la gracia de dios. arçobispo de Toledo. a don almeric. arçidiano de antiochia con grant amor ſalut ⁊ amidtad.
- Remont, by the Grace of God archbishop of Toledo, to master Almerich, archdeacon of Antioch, with great love, haleness and goodwill.
Descendants
edit- Spanish: don (see there for further descendants)
Etymology 2
editFrom Latin dōnum (“a gift”), from dō (“I give”).
Noun
editdon m (plural dones)
- gift, talent
- c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 65r:
- eſtonces el rey dio grandes dones adaniel e diol ſennoria ſobre ſos ſabios e la cibdat de babilonia […]
- Then the king gave Daniel great gifts and gave him rulership over his wise men and the city of Babylon […]
Descendants
edit- Spanish: don
Etymology 3
editShortening of dont.
Adverb
editdon
- Apocopic form of dont; where
- c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 56r:
- Euino el ppħa iſaẏas e dixo al reẏ ezechias dõ uinieron eſtos barones. ⁊ q̃ te dixieron dixo el de tierra de luen uinieron de babilonia.
- And the prophet Isaiah came and said to king Hezekiah, “Where did these men come from, and what did they say to you?” He said, “From a distant land. They came from Babylon”.
Descendants
edit- Spanish: do
Scottish Gaelic
editAlternative forms
editPronunciation
editPreposition
editdon (+ dative)
- (higher register) Contraction of do an.
- Chaidh i don bhùth. ― She went to the shop.
Usage notes
edit- Like the bare article an, don triggers lenition if the following noun begins with f, c and g.
- In the modern language this form is considered to be high register, with dhan being generally more common.
References
edit- Colin Mark (2003) “do”, in The Gaelic-English dictionary, London: Routledge, →ISBN, page 235
Sicilian
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editBoth from the shortening of the earlier donnu (“master, sir”) or from Late Latin dom, ultimately from Latin domnus > dominus (“master, owner”), itself from domus (“a house”).
Pronunciation
editNoun
editdon m (inv)
- (obsolete) sir, master, lord
- (obsolete) social honorary title referred to men possessing patrimonial assets
- a title of respect to a man, especially older, prefixed to first names
Coordinate terms
editRelated terms
editSpanish
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editInherited from Late Latin dom (“a courtesy title for monks and abbots”), from domnus (“master, sir”), from Classical Latin dominus, from domus (“a house”).
Noun
editdon m (plural dones, feminine doña, feminine plural doñas)
- (obsolete) sir, master, lord
- a title of respect to a man, prefixed to first names
- 1844, José Zorrilla, Don Juan Tenorio[7], lines 57–58:
- [Y] dime: don Luis Mejías ¿ha venido hoy?
- [A]nd tell me: mister Luis Mejía, did he come today?
Derived terms
editRelated terms
editDescendants
editEtymology 2
editFrom Latin dōnum (“a gift”) (whence English donation), from dō (“to give”).
Noun
editdon m (plural dones)
- gift, present
- gift, talent, knack
- Cielos, tu tío realmente tiene un don para gastar todo su dinero en el casino, ¿no?
- Yikes, your uncle really has a knack for blowing all his money in the casino, doesn't he?
Usage notes
edit- Like with the English word "knack", don can be used to describe a positive gift or talent, or a negative one like a bad habit or a neutral tendency to do something.
Derived terms
editRelated terms
editFurther reading
edit- “don”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2024 December 10
Sranan Tongo
editEtymology
editAdjective
editdon
Noun
editdon
- stupidity
- Sranan odo: don no abi dresi.
- Surinamese proverb: there is no medicine for stupidity.
Descendants
editSwedish
editEtymology
editBorrowed from Low German don (“"doing," work, thing”), from Low German don (“do”), which is cognate with English do, German tun.
Noun
editdon n
Declension
editDerived terms
editReferences
edit- don in Svensk ordbok (SO)
- don in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
- don in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)
Anagrams
editTurkish
editEtymology 1
editFrom Ottoman Turkish طون (don), from Proto-Turkic *tōn.
Noun
editdon
Etymology 2
editFrom Ottoman Turkish طوڭ (doñ), from Proto-Turkic *toŋ. Cognate with Chuvash тӑм (tăm), also related to Chinese 凍 / 冻 (dòng).[1]
Noun
editdon
Verb
editdon
Related terms
editReferences
edit- ^ İnayet, A. (1998). Çincedeki Türkçe Kelimeler Üzerine . Türk Dünyası Dil ve Edebiyat Dergisi , (6) , . Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tdded/issue/12716/154815
Uzbek
editEtymology
editBorrowed from Classical Persian دانه (dāna).
Noun
editdon
Vietnamese
editPronunciation
editNoun
edit(classifier con) don
- Asiatic brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus macrourus)
- Synonym: đon
West Makian
editPronunciation
editNoun
editdon
References
edit- Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours[8], Pacific linguistics
Yogad
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Philippine *dahun, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *dahun.
Noun
editdon
- leaf (of a plant)
Yola
editEtymology
editFrom Middle English don, from Old English dōn on.
Pronunciation
editVerb
editdon
References
edit- Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 36
Zazaki
editNoun
editdon
- kind of bread
Zou
editVerb
editdon
References
edit- English 1-syllable words
- English terms with IPA pronunciation
- English terms with audio pronunciation
- English terms with homophones
- Rhymes:English/ɒn
- Rhymes:English/ɒn/1 syllable
- English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dem-
- English terms derived from Latin
- English doublets
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- Multicultural London English
- English terms inherited from Middle English
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- Albanian lemmas
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- Azerbaijani terms with audio pronunciation
- Azerbaijani terms inherited from Proto-Turkic
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- Bambara terms with IPA pronunciation
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- Bambara nouns
- Bambara verbs
- Bambara intransitive verbs
- Bambara transitive verbs
- Bambara predicatives
- bm:Time
- Breton terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Breton terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰewbʰ-
- Breton terms inherited from Proto-Brythonic
- Breton terms derived from Proto-Brythonic
- Breton terms inherited from Proto-Celtic
- Breton terms derived from Proto-Celtic
- Breton terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Breton lemmas
- Breton adjectives
- Casiguran Dumagat Agta terms inherited from Proto-Philippine
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- Casiguran Dumagat Agta terms inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Casiguran Dumagat Agta terms derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Casiguran Dumagat Agta lemmas
- Casiguran Dumagat Agta nouns
- Czech terms borrowed from Spanish
- Czech terms derived from Spanish
- Czech terms derived from Latin
- Czech terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Czech/on
- Rhymes:Czech/on/1 syllable
- Czech lemmas
- Czech nouns
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- Czech animate nouns
- Czech terms with usage examples
- Czech terms with quotations
- Czech masculine animate nouns
- Czech hard masculine animate nouns
- cs:People
- Dupaningan Agta terms inherited from Proto-Philippine
- Dupaningan Agta terms derived from Proto-Philippine
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- French 1-syllable words
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- French terms with homophones
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- fr:Philanthropy
- Galician terms inherited from Late Latin
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- Rhymes:Italian/ɔn
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- Italian lemmas
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- Japanese non-lemma forms
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- kmr:Fats and oils
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- Old English terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Old English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
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- Old Irish terms with IPA pronunciation
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- Old Saxon terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Old Saxon terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *dʰeh₁-
- Old Saxon terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Old Saxon terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Old Saxon terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
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- es:Male
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