engendrer

French

Etymology

Inherited from Middle French engendrer, from Old French engendrer, from Latin ingenerāre.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁe/

• Audio:

  (file)

Verb

engendrer

1. (transitive) to generate, spawn, beget

Conjugation

Conjugation of engendrer (see also Appendix:French verbs)

infinitive	simple	engendrer
	compound	avoir + past participle
present participle or gerund1	simple	engendrant /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁɑ̃/
	compound	ayant + past participle
past participle		engendré /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁe/
		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		je (j’)	tu	il, elle, on	nous	vous	ils, elles
(simple tenses)	present	engendre /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃dʁ/	engendres /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃dʁ/	engendre /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃dʁ/	engendrons /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁɔ̃/	engendrez /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁe/	engendrent /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃dʁ/
	imperfect	engendrais /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁɛ/	engendrais /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁɛ/	engendrait /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁɛ/	engendrions /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁi.jɔ̃/	engendriez /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁi.je/	engendraient /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁɛ/
	past historic2	engendrai /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁe/	engendras /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁa/	engendra /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁa/	engendrâmes /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁam/	engendrâtes /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁat/	engendrèrent /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁɛʁ/
	future	engendrerai /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁə.ʁe/	engendreras /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁə.ʁa/	engendrera /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁə.ʁa/	engendrerons /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁə.ʁɔ̃/	engendrerez /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁə.ʁe/	engendreront /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁə.ʁɔ̃/
	conditional	engendrerais /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁə.ʁɛ/	engendrerais /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁə.ʁɛ/	engendrerait /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁə.ʁɛ/	engendrerions /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁə.ʁjɔ̃/	engendreriez /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁə.ʁje/	engendreraient /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁə.ʁɛ/
(compound tenses)	present perfect	present indicative of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle
	past anterior2	past historic of avoir + past participle
	future perfect	future of avoir + past participle
	conditional perfect	conditional of avoir + past participle
subjunctive		que je (j’)	que tu	qu’il, qu’elle	que nous	que vous	qu’ils, qu’elles
(simple tenses)	present	engendre /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃dʁ/	engendres /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃dʁ/	engendre /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃dʁ/	engendrions /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁi.jɔ̃/	engendriez /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁi.je/	engendrent /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃dʁ/
	imperfect2	engendrasse /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁas/	engendrasses /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁas/	engendrât /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁa/	engendrassions /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁa.sjɔ̃/	engendrassiez /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁa.sje/	engendrassent /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁas/
(compound tenses)	past	present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect2	imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative		–	tu	–	nous	vous	–
simple		—	engendre /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃dʁ/	—	engendrons /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁɔ̃/	engendrez /ɑ̃.ʒɑ̃.dʁe/	—
compound		—	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	—	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	—
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en.
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way: past historic → present perfect past anterior → pluperfect imperfect subjunctive → present subjunctive pluperfect subjunctive → past subjunctive (Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81).

Further reading

• “engendrer”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.

Middle French

Etymology

From Old French engendrer.

Verb

engendrer

1. to engender; to beget
2. (by extension) to create; to make

Conjugation

• Middle French conjugation varies from one text to another. Hence, the following conjugation should be considered as typical, not as exhaustive.

Conjugation of engendrer

infinitive	simple	engendrer
	compound	avoir + past participle
present participle1 or gerund2	simple	engendrant
	compound	present participle or gerund of avoir + past participle
past participle		engendré
		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		ie (i’)	tu	il, elle	nous	vous	ilz, elles
(simple tenses)	present	engendre	engendres	engendre	engendrons	engendrez	engendrent
	imperfect	engendrois, engendroys	engendrois, engendroys	engendroit, engendroyt	engendrions, engendryons	engendriez, engendryez	engendroient, engendroyent
	past historic	engendra	engendras	engendra	engendrasmes	engendrastes	engendrerent
	future	engendrerai, engendreray	engendreras	engendrera	engendrerons	engendrerez	engendreront
	conditional	engendrerois, engendreroys	engendrerois, engendreroys	engendreroit, engendreroyt	engendrerions, engendreryons	engendreriez, engendreryez	engendreroient, engendreroyent
(compound tenses)	present perfect	present indicative of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle
	past anterior	past historic of avoir + past participle
	future perfect	future of avoir + past participle
	conditional perfect	conditional of avoir + past participle
subjunctive		que ie (i’)	que tu	qu’il, qu’elle	que nous	que vous	qu’ilz, qu’elles
(simple tenses)	present	engendre	engendres	engendre	engendrons	engendrez	engendrent
	imperfect	engendrasse	engendrasses	engendrast	engendrassions	engendrassiez	engendrassent
(compound tenses)	past	present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative		–	tu	–	nous	vous	–
simple		—	engendre	—	engendrons	engendrez	—
compound		—	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	—	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	simple imperative of avoir + past participle	—
1 The present participle was variable in gender and number until the 17th century (Anne Sancier-Château [1995], Une esthétique nouvelle: Honoré d'Urfé, correcteur de l'Astrée, p. 179). The French Academy would eventually declare it not to be declined in 1679.
2 The gerund was held to be invariable by grammarians of the early 17th century, and was usable with preposition en, as in Modern French, although the preposition was not mandatory (Anne Sancier-Château [1995], op. cit., p. 180).

Descendants

• French: engendrer

Old French

Alternative forms

• angenrer, engenrer

Etymology

Inherited from Latin ingenerāre.

Verb

engendrer

1. to engender; to beget
   • Jean de Mandeville, Le livre des merveilles du monde, ed. C. Deluz, Institut de Recherche et d'Histoire des Textes 31, Paris, 2000. Available via the Anglo-Norman On-Line Hub

     La comaunda ly angele a Adam q'il cohabistast ovesqez sa femme, si engendra Seth du quel tribu Jhesu Crist nasquy

     Then the angel commanded to Adam that he have sex with his wife, so he begat Seth, from which the tribe of Jesus Christ was born

2. to cause; to bring about; to generate
   • 1377, Bernard de Gordon, Fleur de lis de medecine (a.k.a. lilium medicine):

     Or est il ainsi qu’en iceulx couvertures es parties loing des costes ne se peut engendrer apostume

     Thus it is so that in these coverings in the parts far away from the ribs, an abscess cannot form

Conjugation

This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in -er. In the present tense an extra supporting e is needed in the first-person singular indicative and throughout the singular subjunctive, and the third-person singular subjunctive ending -t is lost. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.

    Conjugation of engendrer (see also Appendix:Old French verbs)

		simple			compound
infinitive		engendrer			avoir engendré
gerund		en engendrant			gerund of avoir + past participle
present participle		engendrant
past participle		engendré
person		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative		jo	tu	il	nos	vos	il
simple tenses	present	engendre	engendres	engendre	engendrons	engendrez	engendrent
	imperfect	engendroie, engendreie, engendroe, engendreve	engendroies, engendreies, engendroes, engendreves	engendroit, engendreit, engendrot, engendreve	engendriiens, engendriens	engendriiez, engendriez	engendroient, engendreient, engendroent, engendrevent
	preterite	engendrai	engendras	engendra	engendrames	engendrastes	engendrerent
	future	engendrerai	engendreras	engendrera	engendrerons	engendreroiz, engendrereiz, engendrerez	engendreront
	conditional	engendreroie, engendrereie	engendreroies, engendrereies	engendreroit, engendrereit	engendreriiens, engendreriens	engendreriiez, engendreriez	engendreroient, engendrereient
compound tenses	present perfect	present tense of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect tense of avoir + past participle
	past anterior	preterite tense of avoir + past participle
	future perfect	future tense of avoir + past participle
	conditional perfect	conditional tense of avoir + past participle
subjunctive		que jo	que tu	qu’il	que nos	que vos	qu’il
simple tenses	present	engendre	engendres	engendre	engendrons	engendrez	engendrent
	imperfect	engendrasse	engendrasses	engendrast	engendrissons, engendrissiens	engendrissoiz, engendrissez, engendrissiez	engendrassent
compound tenses	past	present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
	pluperfect	imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative		–	tu	–	nos	vos	–
		—	engendre	—	engendrons	engendrez	—

Descendants

• Middle French: engendrer
  • French: engendrer
• Picard: ingindrer
• → Middle English: engendren
  • English: engender
• → Old Galician-Portuguese: engendrar
  • Galician: enxendrar
  • Portuguese: engendrar
• → Old Spanish: engendrar
  • Spanish: engendrar