gramar

Asturian

Etymology

Unknown.^[1] Cognate with Spanish agramar.

Verb

gramar (first-person singular indicative present gramo, past participle gramáu)

to knead or flatten a dough (for a second time)
Synonym: bregar

Conjugation

Conjugation of gramar

person		first singular yo	second singular tu	third singular él/elli	first plural nosotros/nós	second plural vosotros/vós	third plural ellos
infinitive		gramar
gerund		gramando
past participle		m gramáu, f gramada, n gramao, m pl gramaos, f pl gramaes
indicative	present	gramo	grames	grama	gramamos	gramáis	gramen
	imperfect	gramaba	gramabes	gramaba	gramábemos, gramábamos	gramabeis, gramabais	gramaben
	preterite	gramé	gramasti, gramesti	gramó	gramemos	gramastis, gramestis	gramaron
	pluperfect	gramare, gramara	gramares, gramaras	gramare, gramara	gramáremos, gramáramos	gramareis, gramarais	gramaren, gramaran
	future	gramaré	gramarás	gramará	gramaremos	gramaréis	gramarán
	conditional	gramaría	gramaríes	gramaría	gramaríemos, gramaríamos	gramaríeis, gramaríais	gramaríen
subjunctive	present	grame	grames, gramas	grame	gramemos	graméis	gramen, graman
subjunctive	imperfect	gramare, gramara	gramares, gramaras	gramare, gramara	gramáremos, gramáramos	gramareis, gramarais	gramaren, gramaran
imperative		—	grama	—	—	gramái	—

References

^ Joan Coromines, José A[ntonio] Pascual (1983–1991) “agramar”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critic Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos

“gramar” in Diccionario general de la lengua asturiana. Xosé Lluis García Arias. →ISBN.

Cebuano

Etymology

From English grammar, from Middle English gramer, gramarye, gramery, from Old French gramaire (“classical learning”), from Latin grammatica, from Ancient Greek γραμματική (grammatikḗ, “skilled in writing”), from γράμμα (grámma, “line of writing”), from γράφω (gráphō, “write”), from Proto-Indo-European *gerbʰ- (“to carve, scratch”).

Pronunciation

Hyphenation: gra‧mar

Noun

gramar

grammar
Synonym: gramatika

Galician

Etymology

Unknown.^[1] Cognate with Spanish agramar.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɡɾaˈmaɾ/

Verb

gramar (first-person singular present gramo, first-person singular preterite gramei, past participle gramado)

(transitive) to press
Synonyms: calcar, esmagar, premer, prensar
(transitive) to knead a dough for a second time
Synonym: amasar

Conjugation

Conjugation of gramar

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti)	Third-person (el / ela / Vde.)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / Vdes.)
Infinitive
Impersonal	gramar
Personal	gramar	gramares	gramar	gramarmos	gramardes	gramaren
Gerund
	gramando
Past participle
Masculine	gramado			gramados
Feminine	gramada			gramadas
Indicative
Present	gramo	gramas	grama	gramamos	gramades	graman
Imperfect	gramaba	gramabas	gramaba	gramabamos	gramabades	gramaban
Preterite	gramei	gramaches	gramou	gramamos	gramastes	gramaron
Pluperfect	gramara	gramaras	gramara	gramaramos	gramarades	gramaran
Future	gramarei	gramarás	gramará	gramaremos	gramaredes	gramarán
Conditional	gramaría	gramarías	gramaría	gramariamos	gramariades	gramarían
Subjunctive
Present	grame	grames	grame	gramemos	gramedes	gramen
Imperfect	gramase	gramases	gramase	gramásemos	gramásedes	gramasen
Future	gramar	gramares	gramar	gramarmos	gramardes	gramaren
Imperative
Affirmative		grama	grame	gramemos	gramade	gramen
Negative (non)		non grames	non grame	non gramemos	non gramedes	non gramen

Reintegrated conjugation of gramar (See Appendix:Reintegrationism)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti / tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	gramar
Personal	gramar	gramares	gramar	gramarmos	gramardes	gramarem
Gerund
	gramando
Past participle
Masculine	gramado			gramados
Feminine	gramada			gramadas
Indicative
Present	gramo	gramas	grama	gramamos	gramades, gramais	gramam
Imperfect	gramava	gramavas	gramava	gramávamos	gramávades, gramáveis, gramávais¹	gramavam
Preterite	gramei	gramaste, gramache¹	gramou	gramamos	gramastes	gramárom, gramaram
Pluperfect	gramara	gramaras	gramara	gramáramos	gramárades, gramáreis, gramárais¹	gramaram
Future	gramarei	gramarás	gramará	gramaremos	gramaredes, gramareis	gramarám, gramarão
Conditional	gramaria	gramarias	gramaria	gramaríamos	gramaríades, gramaríeis, gramaríais¹	gramariam
Subjunctive
Present	grame	grames	grame	gramemos	gramedes, grameis	gramem
Imperfect	gramasse	gramasses	gramasse	gramássemos	gramássedes, gramásseis	gramassem
Future	gramar	gramares	gramar	gramarmos	gramardes	gramarem
Imperative
Affirmative		grama	grame	gramemos	gramade, gramai	gramem
Negative (nom)		nom grames	nom grame	nom gramemos	nom gramedes, nom grameis	nom gramem

¹Less recommended.

Related terms

grama

References

Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “gramar”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “gramar”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
“gramar” in Dicionário Estraviz de galego (2014).
Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “gramar”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

^ Joan Coromines, José A[ntonio] Pascual (1983–1991) “agramar”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critic Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos

Portuguese

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

(Brazil) IPA^(key): /ɡɾaˈma(ʁ)/ [ɡɾaˈma(h)]
- (São Paulo) IPA^(key): /ɡɾaˈma(ɾ)/
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /ɡɾaˈma(ʁ)/ [ɡɾaˈma(χ)]
- (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /ɡɾaˈma(ɻ)/

(Portugal) IPA^(key): /ɡɾɐˈmaɾ/
- (Southern Portugal) IPA^(key): /ɡɾɐˈma.ɾi/

Hyphenation: gra‧mar

Verb

gramar (first-person singular present gramo, first-person singular preterite gramei, past participle gramado)

(informal) to put up with
Synonym: aturar
(informal) to like
Synonyms: gostar, (informal) curtir

Conjugation

Conjugation of gramar (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	gramar
Personal	gramar	gramares	gramar	gramarmos	gramardes	gramarem
Gerund
	gramando
Past participle
Masculine	gramado			gramados
Feminine	gramada			gramadas
Indicative
Present	gramo	gramas	grama	gramamos	gramais	gramam
Imperfect	gramava	gramavas	gramava	gramávamos	gramáveis	gramavam
Preterite	gramei	gramaste	gramou	gramamos¹, gramámos²	gramastes	gramaram
Pluperfect	gramara	gramaras	gramara	gramáramos	gramáreis	gramaram
Future	gramarei	gramarás	gramará	gramaremos	gramareis	gramarão
Conditional	gramaria	gramarias	gramaria	gramaríamos	gramaríeis	gramariam
Subjunctive
Present	grame	grames	grame	gramemos	grameis	gramem
Imperfect	gramasse	gramasses	gramasse	gramássemos	gramásseis	gramassem
Future	gramar	gramares	gramar	gramarmos	gramardes	gramarem
Imperative
Affirmative		grama	grame	gramemos	gramai	gramem
Negative (não)		não grames	não grame	não gramemos	não grameis	não gramem

¹Brazilian Portuguese.
²European Portuguese.

[1] Joan Coromines, José A[ntonio] Pascual (1983–1991) “agramar”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critic Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos

[2] Joan Coromines, José A[ntonio] Pascual (1983–1991) “agramar”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critic Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos

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