jfd

Egyptian

Etymology 1

Likely from jfdw (“four”), with an original meaning of ‘run on all fours’ and so ‘run away like a wild animal’. Compare jfdt (“all fours”).

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈjaːfatʼ/ → /ˈjaːfatʼ/ → /ˈʔaːfətʼ/ → /ˈʔoːfətʼ/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈjaːfatʼ/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈjaːfatʼ/
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈʔaːfətʼ/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈʔoːfətʼ/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ifɛd/
  • Conventional anglicization: ifed

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (intransitive) to flee or run away like a wild animal [since the 18th Dynasty]
2. (transitive) to rush through or across (a place)

   ― jfdj ḥr ssmt ― to traverse on horseback

Inflection

Conjugation of jfd (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: jfd, geminated stem: jfdd

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
jfd	jfdw, jfd	jfdt	jfd	jfd

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
jfd	ḥr jfd	m jfd	r jfd

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	jfd.n	jfdw, jfd	consecutive	jfd.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	jfdt
perfective3	jfd	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	jfd.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	jfd	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	jfd	jfdd	potentialis1	jfd.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	jfd	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	jfd.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	jfd	active + .tj1, .tw2	jfd	jfd, jfdw5, jfdy5
imperfective	jfd, jfdy, jfdw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	jfd, jfdj6, jfdy6	jfd, jfdw5
prospective	jfd, jfdtj7	—	jfdtj4, jfdt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jfd  

jfd	jfjd
	[21st Dynasty]
	in hieratic

Derived terms

• m jfd

 

Descendants

• Sahidic Coptic: ⲱϥⲧ (ōft)

Etymology 2

From jfdw (“four”).

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ifɛd/
  • Conventional anglicization: ifed

Noun

 m

1. rectangular block of stone [Middle Kingdom]
2. rectangle, rectangular form (as opposed to dbn (“round”)) [Mathematical papyri]

Inflection

Declension of jfd (masculine)

singular	jfd
dual	jfdwj
plural	jfdw

Descendants

• Demotic: jft, ꜣft

Noun

 m

1. rectangular parcel of land [Mathematical papyri]

Inflection

Declension of jfd (masculine)

singular	jfd
dual	jfdwj
plural	jfdw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jfd  

jfd

Noun

 m

1. a kind of linen, ‘four-weave’ linen

Inflection

Declension of jfd (masculine)

singular	jfd
dual	jfdwj
plural	jfdw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jfd  

jfd	jfd	jfd

Derived terms

• jfd-nṯr

 

Noun

 m

1. (linen) sheet or blanket

Usage notes

Some authors separate this word into two and hypothesize that certain writings—those with determinatives such as

or

—represent a different meaning, an article of furniture such as couch. By contrast, others such as the Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎ and the Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae analyze all writings as the same word. (The TLA treats the writing with determinative

as a scribal error.)

Inflection

Declension of jfd (masculine)

singular	jfd
dual	jfdwj
plural	jfdw

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jfd  

jfd	jfd	jfd	jfd	jfdj	jfdj
			[New Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]	[New Kingdom]
			in hieratic	in hieratic	in hieratic

Derived terms

• mt-jfd

 

Proper noun

 m

1. a shrine in Edfu [Greco-Roman Period]

References

• “jfd (lemma ID 24610)”, “jfd (lemma ID 24600)”, “jfd (lemma ID 24570)”, “jfd.j (lemma ID 850630)”, “jfd.j (lemma ID 24590)”, and “Jfd (lemma ID 24580)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[1], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[2], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 71.10–72.3
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 17
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 191.
• Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 97