jou
Afrikaans
editPronunciation
editAlternative forms
edit- djou (Cape Afrikaans)
Etymology 1
editFrom Dutch jou. Also related to English you.
Pronoun
editjou (subject jy)
- you (singular, object)
See also
editsubjective | objective | possessive determiner | possessive pronoun | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | 1st | ek | my | myne | ||
2nd | jy | jou | joune | |||
2nd, formal | u | u s’n | ||||
3rd, masc | hy | hom | sy | syne | ||
3rd, fem | sy | haar | hare | |||
3rd, neut | dit | sy | syne | |||
plural | 1st | ons | ons s’n | |||
2nd | julle / jul1 | julle s’n | ||||
3rd | hulle / hul1 | hulle s’n | ||||
1. The forms jul and hul are unstressed variants. They are used mostly in possessive function, but also otherwise, chiefly when the pronoun is repeated within the same sentence. |
Etymology 2
editDeterminer
editjou
- your (singular)
- 2016, “In Jou Atmosfeer”, in Sal Jy Met My Dans?[1], performed by Kurt Darren, South Africa:
- In jou atmosfeer.
- In your atmosphere.
See also
editsubjective | objective | possessive determiner | possessive pronoun | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | 1st | ek | my | myne | ||
2nd | jy | jou | joune | |||
2nd, formal | u | u s’n | ||||
3rd, masc | hy | hom | sy | syne | ||
3rd, fem | sy | haar | hare | |||
3rd, neut | dit | sy | syne | |||
plural | 1st | ons | ons s’n | |||
2nd | julle / jul1 | julle s’n | ||||
3rd | hulle / hul1 | hulle s’n | ||||
1. The forms jul and hul are unstressed variants. They are used mostly in possessive function, but also otherwise, chiefly when the pronoun is repeated within the same sentence. |
Baltic Romani
editAlternative forms
editPronoun
editjou (third person masculine singular, nominative case)
- (Litovska) he
Declension
editsingular | plural | reflexive | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||||
m | f | ||||||||
Nominative | mē | tu | jou | joj | amē | tumē | jonē | - | |
Accusative/ Independent Oblique |
man | tut | lēs | la | amēn | tumēn | lēn | pes | |
Dative | mange | tuke | lēske | lake | amēnge | tumēnge | lēnge | pēske | |
Ablative [1] | mandyr | tutyr | lēstyr | latyr | amēndyr | tumēndyr | lēndyr | pēstyr | |
Genitive | m | miro | tyro | lēskiro | lakiro | amaro | tumaro | lēngiro | pēskiro |
f | miri | tyri | lēskiri | lakiri | amari | tumari | lēngiri | pēskiri | |
pl | mirē | tyrē | lēskirē | lakirē | amarē | tumarē | lēngirē | pēskirē | |
Locative | mandē | tutē | lēstē | latē | amēndē | tumēndē | lēndē | pēstē | |
Instrumental | mansa | tusa | lēsa | lasa | amēnca | tumēnca | lēnsa | pēsa | |
Enclitic Reflexive | man | pe | pe | amēn | pe | pe | - |
- ^ The ablative is in decline in Lithuanian Romani
Catalan
editEtymology
editInherited from Old Catalan jou, from Latin iugum (compare Occitan jo, French joug, Spanish yugo), from Proto-Italic *jugom, from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editjou m (plural jous)
- (agriculture, also figuratively) yoke
- col (between mountains)
- (nautical) transom (type of structural beam)
Derived terms
editRelated terms
editFurther reading
edit- “jou” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
- “jou”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
- “jou” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
- “jou” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
Champenois
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editInherited from Old French jor, from Late Latin diurnum.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editjou m (plural jous)
- (Troyen, Langrois) day
References
editDutch
editEtymology
editFrom Middle Dutch jou, from Old Dutch *jū, a northern (Frisian?) variant of *iu, from Proto-Germanic *iwwiz, a West Germanic variant of *izwiz. Doublet of u.
Pronunciation
editPronoun
editjou
- objective form of jij (“you (singular)”): you
- Ik zal dit wel even doen voor jou. ― I'll do this for you.
- Kan ik jou iets vragen?
- Can I ask you something?
- Ik geef jou mijn boek om te lezen.
- I'm giving you my book to read.
- Zij heeft een cadeau voor jou gekocht.
- She bought a gift for you.
- Misspelling of jouw (“your”).
Usage notes
editIn informal language, mostly replaced by the unstressed form je, with the form jou used for emphasis or contrast.
- Hoe gaat het met je? — Goed. En met jou?
- How are you? — I'm good. What about you?
- Heb je zijn telefoonnummer voor me? — Dat mag ik je eigenlijk niet geven, maar voor jou maak ik graag een uitzondering.
- Could you give me his phone number? — I'm not really supposed to give it out to you, but for you I'll gladly make an exception.
Declension
editsubject | object | possessive | reflexive | genitive5 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | full | unstr. | full | unstr. | full | unstr. | pred. | ||
1st person | ik | 'k1 | mij | me | mijn | m'n1 | mijne | me | mijner, mijns |
2nd person | jij | je | jou | je | jouw | je | jouwe | je | jouwer, jouws |
2nd person archaic or regiolectal | gij | ge | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u | uwer, uws |
2nd person formal | u | – | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u, zich7 | uwer, uws |
3rd person masculine | hij | ie1 | hem | 'm1 | zijn | z'n1 | zijne | zich | zijner, zijns |
3rd person feminine | zij | ze | haar | h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 | haar | h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 | hare | zich | harer, haars |
3rd person neuter | het | 't1 | het | 't1 | zijn | z'n1 | zijne | zich | zijner, zijns |
plural | |||||||||
1st person | wij | we | ons | – | ons, onze2 | – | onze | ons | onzer, onzes |
2nd person | jullie | je | jullie | je | jullie | je | – | je | – |
2nd person archaic or regiolectal6 | gij | ge | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u | uwer, uws |
2nd person formal | u | – | u | – | uw | – | uwe | u, zich7 | uwer, uws |
3rd person | zij | ze | hen3, hun4 | ze | hun | – | hunne | zich | hunner, huns |
1) Not as common in written language. 2) Inflected as an adjective. 3) In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). 4) In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative). 5) Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. 6) To differentiate from the singular gij, gelle (object form elle) and variants are commonly used colloquially in Belgium. Archaic forms are gijlieden and gijlui ("you people"). |
7) Zich is preferred if the reflexive pronoun immediately follows the subject pronoun u, e.g. Meldt u zich aan! 'Log in!', and if the subject pronoun u is used with a verb form that is identical with the third person singular but different from the informal second person singular, e.g. U heeft zich aangemeld. 'You have logged in.' Only u can be used in an imperative if the subject pronoun is not overt, e.g. Meld u aan! 'Log in!', where u is the reflexive pronoun. Otherwise, both u and zich are equally possible, e.g. U meldt u/zich aan. 'You log in.' |
Alternative forms
editSynonyms
editDescendants
editVerb
editjou
- inflection of jouen:
Finnish
editEtymology
editPronunciation
editInterjection
editjou (slang)
- yo (greeting)
Anagrams
editHaitian Creole
editEtymology
editPronunciation
editNoun
editjou
Japanese
editRomanization
editjou
Kalo Finnish Romani
editPronoun
editjou
References
edit- “jou” in Finnish Romani-English Dictionary, ROMLEX – the Romani Lexicon Project, 2000.
Mbyá Guaraní
editVerb
editjou
Conjugation
editOld French
editPronoun
editjou
- Alternative form of je
Romansch
editPronoun
editjou (Sutsilvan)
Saterland Frisian
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editFrom Old Frisian jūwe, from Proto-West Germanic *iuwar, from Proto-Germanic *izweraz. Cognates include West Frisian jim and German euer.
Determiner
editjou (predicative jouens)
See also
editPossessive determiners | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||||||||
1st | 2nd | 3rd m | 3rd f | 3rd n | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | ||
masculine | min | din | sin | hiere | sin | uus | jou | hiere | |
other | mien | dien | sien | sien | |||||
Possessive pronouns | |||||||||
singular | plural | ||||||||
1st | 2nd | 3rd m | 3rd f | 3rd n | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | ||
masculine | minnen | dinnen | sinnen | hierens | sinnen | uzen | jouens | hierens | |
other | mienen | dienen | sienen | sienen |
Etymology 2
editFrom Old Frisian jō, from Proto-West Germanic *iuwiz, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz. Cognates include West Frisian jo and German euch.
Pronoun
editjou
See also
editPronoun
editjou
See also
editReferences
editTernate
editPronunciation
editNoun
editjou
- Alternative spelling of joou (“lord”)
References
edit- Frederik Sigismund Alexander de Clercq (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate, E.J. Brill
- Rika Hayami-Allen (2001) A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the northern Moluccas, Indonesia, University of Pittsburgh
Toba Batak
editVerb
editjou (active manjou)
- (transitive) to call
References
editWest Frisian
editVerb
editjou
- first-person singular present of jaan (to give)
- imperative of jaan (to give)
- Afrikaans terms with IPA pronunciation
- Afrikaans terms inherited from Dutch
- Afrikaans terms derived from Dutch
- Afrikaans non-lemma forms
- Afrikaans pronoun forms
- Afrikaans lemmas
- Afrikaans determiners
- Afrikaans terms with quotations
- Baltic Romani lemmas
- Baltic Romani pronouns
- Baltic Romani personal pronouns
- Lithuanian Romani
- Catalan terms inherited from Old Catalan
- Catalan terms derived from Old Catalan
- Catalan terms inherited from Latin
- Catalan terms derived from Latin
- Catalan terms inherited from Proto-Italic
- Catalan terms derived from Proto-Italic
- Catalan terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European
- Catalan terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Catalan terms with IPA pronunciation
- Catalan terms with audio pronunciation
- Catalan lemmas
- Catalan nouns
- Catalan countable nouns
- Catalan masculine nouns
- ca:Agriculture
- ca:Nautical
- Champenois terms inherited from Old French
- Champenois terms derived from Old French
- Champenois terms inherited from Late Latin
- Champenois terms derived from Late Latin
- Champenois terms with IPA pronunciation
- Champenois lemmas
- Champenois nouns
- Champenois masculine nouns
- roa-cha:Time
- Dutch terms inherited from Middle Dutch
- Dutch terms derived from Middle Dutch
- Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch
- Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch
- Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Dutch doublets
- Dutch terms with IPA pronunciation
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- Rhymes:Dutch/ɑu̯
- Rhymes:Dutch/ɑu̯/1 syllable
- Dutch terms with homophones
- Dutch lemmas
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- Dutch terms with usage examples
- Dutch misspellings
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- Finnish terms borrowed from English
- Finnish terms derived from English
- Finnish 1-syllable words
- Finnish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Finnish/ou
- Rhymes:Finnish/ou/1 syllable
- Finnish lemmas
- Finnish interjections
- Finnish slang
- Haitian Creole terms derived from French
- Haitian Creole terms with IPA pronunciation
- Haitian Creole lemmas
- Haitian Creole nouns
- ht:Time
- Japanese non-lemma forms
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- Mbyá Guaraní verbs
- Old French lemmas
- Old French pronouns
- Old French subject pronouns
- Old French personal pronouns
- Romansch lemmas
- Romansch pronouns
- Sutsilvan Romansch
- Saterland Frisian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Saterland Frisian/oːu̯
- Rhymes:Saterland Frisian/oːu̯/1 syllable
- Saterland Frisian terms inherited from Old Frisian
- Saterland Frisian terms derived from Old Frisian
- Saterland Frisian terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- Saterland Frisian terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Saterland Frisian terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Saterland Frisian terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Saterland Frisian lemmas
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- Saterland Frisian possessive determiners
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- Ternate terms with IPA pronunciation
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- Ternate nouns
- Toba Batak lemmas
- Toba Batak verbs
- Toba Batak transitive verbs
- West Frisian non-lemma forms
- West Frisian verb forms