Wiktionary

ka-

See also: -ka and Appendix:Variations of "ka"

English

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Prefix

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ka-

  1. Alternative form of ker-

Derived terms

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English terms prefixed with ka-

Anagrams

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Bikol Central

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Etymology

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Compare kaka and ka.

Prefix

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ka-

  1. Forms a noun that denotes partnership or companionship; co-
    ‎ka- + ‎kawat (“play”) → ‎kakawat (“playmate”)
    ‎ka- + ‎iwal (“fight”) → ‎kaiwal (“enemy”)

Derived terms

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Bikol Central terms prefixed with ka-

Cebuano

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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Compare Tagalog ka-.

Prefix

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ka- (Badlit spelling ᜃ)

  1. (added to adjectives) denotes a state of being; -ness
    Synonyms: pagka-, ka- -an
    ‎ka- + ‎linaw (“calm”) → ‎kalinaw (“calmness”)
    ‎ka- + ‎bugnaw (“cold”) → ‎kabugnaw (“coldness”)
  2. (added to an adjective) used in exclamations; how...
    Synonyms: -a, ka- -a
    ‎ka- + ‎init (“hot”) → ‎kainit! (“how hot!”)
  3. (added to nouns or verbs) denotes partnership or companionship; co-
    Synonym: isigka-
    ‎ka- + ‎klase (“class”) → ‎kaklase (“classmate”)
    ‎ka- + ‎away (“to fight”) → ‎kaaway (“enemy”)
Derived terms
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Cebuano terms prefixed with ka-
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Etymology 2

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Prefix

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ka- (Badlit spelling ᜃ)

  1. Short for maka-.

Japanese

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Romanization

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ka-

  1. Rōmaji transcription of か

Javanese

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Romanization

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ka-

  1. Romanization of ꦏ-

Kangean

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Pronunciation

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Prefix

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ka- (verb base)

  1. accidental aspect of the passive intransitive verb
    ‎ka- + ‎gibe (“bring”) → ‎kagibe (“(accidentally) taken along”)

Kapampangan

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Etymology

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

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ka-

  1. implies companionship or partnership when prefixed to a root
    ‎ka- + ‎abe (“to accompany”) → ‎kayabe (“partner”)
    ‎ka- + ‎lagyu (“name”) → ‎kalagyu (“namesake”)
  2. implies similarity or interaction when prefixed to a root noun
    ‎ka- + ‎lupa (“face”) → ‎kalupa (“someone/something similar; look-alike”)
    ‎ka- + ‎pate (“fight”) → ‎kapate (“enemy”)
  3. implies repeated action when prefixed to a root that repeats the first syllable
    ‎ka- + ‎gulisak (“shout”) → ‎kagugulisak (“repeatedly shouting”)
    ‎ka- + ‎isip (“mind, thought”) → ‎kaiisip (“thinking a lot”)
  4. implies causing or producing something in an extreme degree when prefixed to a root that repeats the first two syllables
    ‎ka- + ‎dapat (“should”) → ‎karapat-dapat (“deserving”)
    ‎ka- + ‎santing (“handsome”) → ‎kasanting-santing (“wonderful”)
  5. implies recent action when prefixed to a root that repeats the first syllable and followed by pamu
    ‎ka- + ‎datang (“come”) → ‎kadaratang (“recently arrived”)
    ‎ka- + ‎punta (“go”) → ‎kapupunta (“recently went”)
  6. implies emphatic, before an adjective, non-productive and followed by na, da or ta
    ‎ka- + ‎timyas (“cute”) → ‎katimyas (“so cute”)
    ‎ka- + ‎yumi (“innocence; pure”) → ‎kayumi (“how pretty”)

Derived terms

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Kapampangan terms prefixed with ka-

See also

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Kimbundu

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Etymology

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From Proto-Bantu *kà-.

Prefix

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ka- (plural tu-)

  1. noun class prefix, used with a diminutive meaning

Derived terms

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Kimbundu terms prefixed with ka-

Minangkabau

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Prefix

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ka-

  1. Used to form ordinal numbers

Mohawk

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Prefix

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ka-

  1. third person feminine/neuter agent pronominal prefix

Alternative forms

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- Initial consonant
Environment t/s/h/k n/r/w/’ a e/en o/on i y
Word-Initial ka- ka- w- w- i- ken- ka-

Prefix

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ka-

  1. noun prefix

References

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  • Gunther Michelson (1973) A thousand words of Mohawk, University of Ottawa Press, page 9
  • Nora Deering, Helga H. Delisle (1976) Mohawk: A teaching grammar (preliminary version), Quebec: Manitou College, page 173

Mokilese

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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Prefix

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ka-

  1. Used to form causative verbs
Usage notes
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This prefix sometimes takes the forms koa-, ke- and ko-.

Derived terms
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Mokilese terms prefixed with ka-

Etymology 2

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Prefix

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ka-

  1. Used to form ordinal numbers

Northern Ndebele

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Etymology

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

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ka-

  1. he, she, it; class 1 subject concord; form of u- used when another prefix precedes.

Old High German

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Prefix

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ka-

  1. (Bavaria) Alternative form of gi-

Old Javanese

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Etymology

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Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka-.

Pronunciation

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Prefix

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ka-

  1. passive verb-forming prefix

Derived terms

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Old Javanese terms prefixed with ka-

Descendants

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  • Javanese: k-, ꦏ- (ka-), ꦏꦼ- (ke-)

Phuthi

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Etymology

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

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ka-

  1. -ly; forms adverbs of manner from adjectives and relatives.

Derived terms

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Phuthi terms prefixed with ka-

South Efate

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Etymology

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Probably related to South Efate go

Pronunciation

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Prefix

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ka-

  1. and (forms dependent verbs)

Southern Ndebele

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Etymology

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

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ka-

  1. he, she, it; class 1 subject concord; form of u- used when another prefix precedes.

Sundanese

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Etymology 1

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From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka-.

Prefix

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ka- (Sundanese script ᮊ-)

  1. verb-forming prefix
    1. accidental aspect of the passive transitive verb
      ‎ka- + ‎tijek (“to step on”) → ‎katijek (“(accidentally) stepped on”)
      ‎ka- + ‎bedil (“gun”) → ‎kabedil (“(accidentally) shot”)
    2. perfective aspect of the passive transitive verb
      ‎ka- + ‎déngé (“to hear”) → ‎kadéngé (“to be heard”)
      ‎ka- + ‎baca (“to read”) → ‎kabaca (“to be read”)
    3. implies that the action can be done
      ‎ka- + ‎harti (“meaning”) → ‎kaharti (“(can be) understood”)
  2. noun-forming prefix
    1. abstract noun-forming prefix
      ‎ka- + ‎rugi (“loss”) → ‎karugi (“loss”)
      ‎ka- + ‎hayang (“to want”) → ‎kahayang (“desire, want”)
Usage notes
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  • Not all roots can be prefixed with ka- only. Some verbs, due to semantic reasons, must feature the suffix -an.[1] For example:
    ‎ka- + ‎merdika (“free, independent”) + ‎-an → ‎kamerdikaan (“independence”)
    ‎ka- + ‎kalangkang (“shadow”) + ‎-an → ‎kakalangkangan (“to become overshadowed”)

Etymology 2

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From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ika-, from Proto-Austronesian *Sika-. Compare Malay ke-, Tagalog ika-

Prefix

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ka-

  1. numeral-forming prefix
    1. ordinal number forming prefix; -th
      ‎ka- + ‎hiji (“one”) → ‎kahiji (“first”)
      ‎ka- + ‎sapuluh (“ten”) → ‎kasapuluh (“tenth”)

References

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  1. ^ Prof. Dr. T. Fatimah Djajasudarma (2013) Fonologi dan Gramatika Sunda [Sundanese Phonology and Grammar] (in Indonesian), Bandung: PT Refika Aditama, →ISBN

Further reading

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Swahili

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Pronunciation

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  • Audio (Kenya):(file)

Etymology 1

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Prefix

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ka-

  1. third-person singular animate (m class(I)) recent-past perfective marker
    Near-synonyms: ali-, ame-
    • 1973, Mohammed S. Abdulla, Duniani kuna watu, page 5:
      Nimefanya jitihada mwenyewe na Mungu kanisaidia, […]
      I have worked hard on my own and God has helped me, […]
    • 2013, “Rais Obama kaondoka, tusirudie maisha ya aibu”, in Mwananchi‎[1]:
      Rais Obama kaondoka, tusirudie maisha ya aibu
      President Obama has left, let us not return to a life of shame
See also
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Swahili TAM markers
Initial
Positive infinitive ku-/kw-1
Negative infinitive kuto-
Habitual hu-1
Telegrammic ka-1
Final
General (positive indicative) -a
Positive subjunctive -e
Negative present -i
Second person plural -ni
Infix position
positive subject concord
Positive past -li-
Positive present -na-
Positive future -ta-
Negative subjunctive -si-1
Positive present conditional -nge-
Negative present conditional -singe-
Positive past conditional -ngali-
Negative past conditional -singali-
Gnomic -a-1
Perfect -me-
"Already" past -lisha-
"Already" present -mesha-/-sha-
"If/When" -ki-1
"If not" -sipo-
Consecutive -ka-1
Infix position
negative subject concord
Negative past -ku-1
Negative future -ta-
"Not yet" -ja-1
Negative present conditional -nge-
Negative past conditional -ngali-
Relative
Past -li-
Present -na-
Future -taka-
Negative -si-
1 Can take stress and therefore does not require -ku-/-kw- in monosyllabic verbs.

Etymology 2

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Ultimately from Proto-Bantu *kà-.

Prefix

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ka-

  1. (colloquial or dialect, nonstandard) noun class 12 prefix, used with a diminutive or depreciative meaning

Swazi

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Etymology 1

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

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ka-

  1. -ly; forms adverbs of manner from adjectives and relatives.
Derived terms
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Swazi terms prefixed with ka-

Etymology 2

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

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ka-

  1. he, she, it; class 1 subject concord; form of u- used when another prefix precedes.

Tagalog

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Etymology

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

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ka- (Baybayin spelling ᜃ)

  1. implies companionship or partnership
    ‎ka- + ‎sama (“to accompany”) → ‎kasama (“partner”)
    ‎ka- + ‎opisina (“office”) → ‎kaopisina (“coworker”)
  2. implies similarity or interaction
    ‎ka- + ‎mukha (“face”) → ‎kamukha (“someone/something similar; look-alike”)
    ‎ka- + ‎away (“fight”) → ‎kaaway (“enemy”)
  3. (with initial syllable repetition) implies repeated action
    ‎ka- + ‎sigaw (“shout”) → ‎kasisigaw (“repeatedly shouting”)
    ‎ka- + ‎isip (“mind, thought”) → ‎kaiisip (“thinking a lot”)
  4. (with initial syllable repetition, followed by lang or lamang) implies recent action
    ‎ka- + ‎punta (“going”) → ‎kapupunta (“recently went”)
    ‎ka- + ‎luto (“cooking, cuisine”) → ‎kaluluto (“recently cooked”)
  5. (with initial two syllables repetition) implies causing or producing something in an extreme degree
    ‎ka- + ‎galang (“respect”) → ‎kagalang-galang (“inspiring great respect”)
    ‎ka- + ‎paniwala (“belief”) → ‎kapani-paniwala (“very plausible”)

Derived terms

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Tagalog terms prefixed with ka-

See also

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Tooro

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Alternative forms

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  • (before /e/) ke-
  • (before /o/) ko-

Etymology

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From Proto-Bantu *ká-.

Pronunciation

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Prefix

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ka-

  1. class 12 pronominal concord
    ‎ka- + ‎-nu (“this, these”) → ‎kanu (“this (class 12)”)
  2. they; class 12 subject concord
    ‎ka- + ‎-kora (“to do”) → ‎kakora (“it (class 12) does”)
  3. positive imperative form of -ka- (“it; class 12 object concord”)
    ‎ka- + ‎-ha (“to give”) → ‎kaha (“give it (class 12)”)

See also

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Tooro personal pronouns
Class Person Independent Possessive Subject concord Object concord Combined forms
na ni
Class 1 First nyowe, nye -ange n- -n- nanyowe, nanye ninyowe, ninye
Second iwe -awe o- -ku- naiwe niiwe
Third uwe -e a- -mu- nawe nuwe
Class 2 First itwe -aitu tu- -tu- naitwe niitwe
Second inywe -anyu mu- -ba- nainywe niinywe
Third abo -abo ba- -ba- nabo nubo
Class 3 gwo -agwo gu- -gu- nagwo nugwo
Class 4 yo -ayo e- -gi- nayo niyo
Class 5 lyo -alyo li- -li- nalyo niryo
Class 6 go -ago ga- -ga- nago nugo
Class 7 kyo -akyo ki- -ki- nakyo nikyo
Class 8 byo -abyo bi- -bi- nabyo nibyo
Class 9 yo -ayo e- -gi- nayo niyo
Class 10 zo -azo zi- -zi- nazo nizo
Class 11 rwo -arwo ru- -ru- narwo nurwo
Class 12 ko -ako ka- -ka- nako nuko
Class 13 two -atwo tu- -tu- natwo nutwo
Class 14 bwo -abwo bu- -bu- nabwo nubwo
Class 15 kwo -akwo ku- -ku- nakwo nukwo
Class 16 ho -aho ha- -ha- naho nuho
Class 17 (kwo) N/A ha-
(...-yo) 		-ha- N/A nukwo
Class 18 (mwo) -amwo ha-
(...-mu) 		-ha- N/A numwo
Reflexive -enyini, -onyini — -e- —

References

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  • Kaji, Shigeki (2007) A Rutooro Vocabulary‎[2], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, page 414

Xhosa

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Etymology 1

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

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ka-

  1. -ly; forms adverbs of manner from adjectives and relatives.
Derived terms
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Xhosa terms prefixed with ka-

Etymology 2

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

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ka-

  1. he, she, it; class 1 subject concord; form of u- used when another prefix precedes.

Zulu

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Etymology 1

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

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ka-

  1. -ly; forms adverbs of manner from adjectives and relatives.
Derived terms
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Zulu terms prefixed with ka-

Etymology 2

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

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ká-

  1. he, she, it; class 1 subject concord; form of u- used when another prefix precedes.

Etymology 3

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Prefix

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ka-

  1. Alternative form of ma- (hortative)

References

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