kala

See also: Appendix:Variations of "kala"

Languages (36)

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Page categories

Albanian

Kalaja në Krujë - Krujë Castle

Etymology

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish قلعه (kale), from Persian قلعه (qal'e), from Arabic قَلْعَة (qalʕa).

Pronunciation

• (Tosk) IPA^(key): /kaˈla/
• Rhymes: -la
• Hyphenation: ka‧lá

Noun

kala f (plural kala, definite kalaja, definite plural kalatë)

1. castle, fortress

   Synonym: kështjellë

2. fortification

   Synonym: fortifikatë

3. (figurative) ardent defender
4. (figurative) hurdle, obstacle: something difficult to be overcome only by great effort

   u bë kala ― it became difficult

5. (chess) rook

   Synonym: torrë

Declension

Declension of kala

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	kala	kalaja	kala	kalatë
accusative		kalanë
dative	kalajeje	kalasë	kalave	kalave
ablative			kalash

Further reading

• “kala”, in FGJSSH: Fjalor i gjuhës së sotme shqipe [Dictionary of the modern Albanian language]‎^[2] (in Albanian), 1980
• “kala”, in FGJSH: Fjalor i gjuhës shqipe [Dictionary of the Albanian language] (in Albanian), 2006
• Mann, S. E. (1948) “kalá”, in An Historical Albanian–English Dictionary, London: Longmans, Green & Co., page 175

Atong (India)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kala/

Noun

kala (Bengali script কালা)

1. deaf person

References

• van Breugel, Seino. 2015. Atong-English dictionary, second edition. Available online: https://www.academia.edu/487044/Atong_English_Dictionary.

Balinese

Romanization

kala

1. Romanization of ᬓᬮ
2. Romanization of ᬓᬵᬮ
3. Romanization of ᬓᬮᬵ

Chamicuro

Noun

kala

1. nothing

Adverb

kala

1. no, not

Cornish

Noun

kala

1. straw (collective)

Estonian

Kala

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kala, from Proto-Uralic *kala.

Noun

kala (genitive kala, partitive kala)

1. fish

Declension

Declension of kala (ÕS type 17u/sõna, no gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		kala	kalad
accusative	nom.
	gen.	kala
genitive			kalade
partitive		kala	kalu kalasid
illative		kalla kalasse	kaladesse kalusse
inessive		kalas	kalades kalus
elative		kalast	kaladest kalust
allative		kalale	kaladele kalule
adessive		kalal	kaladel kalul
ablative		kalalt	kaladelt kalult
translative		kalaks	kaladeks kaluks
terminative		kalani	kaladeni
essive		kalana	kaladena
abessive		kalata	kaladeta
comitative		kalaga	kaladega

Derived terms

• kalastama
• kalamari
• kalur

Finnish

silakka (“(Baltic) herring”)

ahven (“(European) perch”)

lohi (“(Atlantic) salmon”)

särki (“(common) roach”)

erilaisia kaloja (“different kinds of fish”)

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kala, from Proto-Uralic *kala. Cognates include Northern Sami guolli, Ter Sami кы̄лле (kï̄llʼe), Erzya кал (kal), Eastern Mari кол (kol) and Hungarian hal.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkɑlɑ/, [ˈkɑ̝lɑ̝]
• Rhymes: -ɑlɑ
• Hyphenation^(key): ka‧la

Noun

kala

1. fish (aquatic animal)

   Hauki on kala.

   A pike is a fish.

   Tässä järvessä on paljon kalaa.

   There's lots of fish in this lake.

2. fish (meat of the aforementioned aquatic animals)

   Syön usein kalaa.

   I often eat fish.

3. (idiomatic, in locational cases and expressions) fishing (as a personal activity, used with the verbs olla (“to be”) and mennä (“to go”), lähteä (“to leave”), and käydä (“to go and come back”))

   olla kalassa ― to be fishing

   käydä kalassa ― to go fishing (and come back)

   mennä kalaan ― to go fishing

   lähteä kalaan ― to (leave and) go fishing

   lähteä kalalle ― to (leave and) go fishing

   Käytkö usein kalassa?

   Do you often go fishing?

4. (in compounds) seafood

   Mennään kalaravintolaan.

   Let's go to a seafood restaurant.

Usage notes

• (fish, aquatic animals): Quite often used in the singular in a collective sense, as can be seen in one of the usage examples.

Declension

Inflection of kala (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)
nominative		kala	kalat
genitive		kalan	kalojen
partitive		kalaa	kaloja
illative		kalaan	kaloihin
		singular	plural
nominative		kala	kalat
accusative	nom.	kala	kalat
	gen.	kalan
genitive		kalan	kalojen kalain rare
partitive		kalaa	kaloja
inessive		kalassa	kaloissa
elative		kalasta	kaloista
illative		kalaan	kaloihin
adessive		kalalla	kaloilla
ablative		kalalta	kaloilta
allative		kalalle	kaloille
essive		kalana	kaloina
translative		kalaksi	kaloiksi
abessive		kalatta	kaloitta
instructive		—	kaloin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of kala (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative kalani kalani accusative nom. kalani kalani gen. kalani genitive kalani kalojeni kalaini rare partitive kalaani kalojani inessive kalassani kaloissani elative kalastani kaloistani illative kalaani kaloihini adessive kalallani kaloillani ablative kalaltani kaloiltani allative kalalleni kaloilleni essive kalanani kaloinani translative kalakseni kaloikseni abessive kalattani kaloittani instructive — — comitative — kaloineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative kalasi kalasi accusative nom. kalasi kalasi gen. kalasi genitive kalasi kalojesi kalaisi rare partitive kalaasi kalojasi inessive kalassasi kaloissasi elative kalastasi kaloistasi illative kalaasi kaloihisi adessive kalallasi kaloillasi ablative kalaltasi kaloiltasi allative kalallesi kaloillesi essive kalanasi kaloinasi translative kalaksesi kaloiksesi abessive kalattasi kaloittasi instructive — — comitative — kaloinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative kalamme kalamme accusative nom. kalamme kalamme gen. kalamme genitive kalamme kalojemme kalaimme rare partitive kalaamme kalojamme inessive kalassamme kaloissamme elative kalastamme kaloistamme illative kalaamme kaloihimme adessive kalallamme kaloillamme ablative kalaltamme kaloiltamme allative kalallemme kaloillemme essive kalanamme kaloinamme translative kalaksemme kaloiksemme abessive kalattamme kaloittamme instructive — — comitative — kaloinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative kalanne kalanne accusative nom. kalanne kalanne gen. kalanne genitive kalanne kalojenne kalainne rare partitive kalaanne kalojanne inessive kalassanne kaloissanne elative kalastanne kaloistanne illative kalaanne kaloihinne adessive kalallanne kaloillanne ablative kalaltanne kaloiltanne allative kalallenne kaloillenne essive kalananne kaloinanne translative kalaksenne kaloiksenne abessive kalattanne kaloittanne instructive — — comitative — kaloinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative kalansa kalansa accusative nom. kalansa kalansa gen. kalansa genitive kalansa kalojensa kalainsa rare partitive kalaansa kalojaan kalojansa inessive kalassaan kalassansa kaloissaan kaloissansa elative kalastaan kalastansa kaloistaan kaloistansa illative kalaansa kaloihinsa adessive kalallaan kalallansa kaloillaan kaloillansa ablative kalaltaan kalaltansa kaloiltaan kaloiltansa allative kalalleen kalallensa kaloilleen kaloillensa essive kalanaan kalanansa kaloinaan kaloinansa translative kalakseen kalaksensa kaloikseen kaloiksensa abessive kalattaan kalattansa kaloittaan kaloittansa instructive — — comitative — kaloineen kaloinensa

Derived terms

• kalainen
• kalaisa
• kalastaa
• kalasto
• Kalat
• kalaton

 

compounds

• aasianmutakala
• ahvenkala
• ahvenkalat
• airokala
• akvaariokala
• alkukala
• ananaskala
• ankeriaskala
• arvokala
• aurinkokala
• brasiliannokkakala
• emokala
• Etelän kala
• eväkala
• graavikala
• haikala
• hammaskarppikala
• hapankala
• haukikala
• helmirihmakala
• helmiäiskala
• hiilikala
• hiilloskala
• hopeakylkikala
• huulikala
• imukala
• jokikala
• joulukala
• järvikala
• jääkala
• kala-allas
• kala-allergia
• kala-allergikko
• kala-apaja
• kalaboomi
• kalafile
• kalafilee
• kalahaarukka
• kalahaavi
• kalahalli
• kalahampurilainen
• kalaharava
• kalahauta
• kalahautomo
• kalahissi
• kalahuuhkaja
• kalahyppy
• kalahyytelö
• kalailma
• kalajalostamo
• kalajaloste
• kalajauho
• Kalajoki
• kalajuttu
• Kalajärvi
• kalakakko
• kalakalenteri
• kalakanta
• kalakassi
• kalakastike
• kalakauppa
• kalakauppias
• kalakaveri
• kalakeihäs
• kalakeitto
• kalakenttä
• kalakirja
• kalakirves
• kalakota
• kalakoukku
• kalakouru
• kalakukko
• kalakuolema
• kalalaatikko
• kalalaji
• kalalammikko
• kalalanka
• kalalauta
• kalaliemi
• kalaliima
• kalalisko
• kalalokki
• kalamaja
• kalamauste
• kalamies
• kalamuhennos
• kalamureke
• kalanevä
• kalanhaudonta
• kalanistutus
• kalanjalostus
• kalankasvattamo
• kalankasvatus
• kalanliha
• kalanluu
• kalanmaksaöljy
• kalanmakuinen
• kalanmäti
• kalannahka
• kalanperkaus
• kalanperkeet
• kalanpoikanen
• kalanpyrstö
• kalanpyydys
• kalanpyynti
• kalanpää
• kalanrakko
• kalanrasva
• kalanrehu
• kalanruoka
• kalanruoto
• kalansaalis
• kalansavustamo
• kalansilmä
• kalansuomu
• kalansyöjärotta
• kalanviljelijä
• kalanviljely
• Kalaoja
• kalaonni
• kalapaikka
• kalapakaste
• kalaparvi
• kalapatsas
• kalaperunat
• kalapihvi
• kalapiikki
• kalapiirakka
• kalaporras
• kalapottu
• kalapuikko
• kalapulla
• kalapyörykkä
• kalapöllö
• kalarattu
• kalarauta
• kalaravintola
• kalarehu
• kalaretki
• kalarikas
• kalaruoka
• kalasaalis
• kalasakset
• kalasalaatti
• kalasatama
• kalasauna
• kalasoppa
• kalasumppu
• kalasyötti
• kalasäilyke
• kalasää
• kalasääksi
• kalasääski
• kalatahna
• kalatalous
• kalatauti
• kalateollisuus
• kalatie
• kalatiede
• kalatiira
• kalatiski
• kalatori
• kalatuote
• kalatäi
• kalavale
• kalavalmiste
• kalaveitsi
• kalavelka
• kalaverkko
• kalavesi
• kalaväylä
• kalaöljy
• kalliokala
• kampelakala
• kapakala
• kardinaalikala
• karppikala
• katkerokala
• keltarihmakala
• keuhkokala
• kiekkokala
• kiipijäkala
• kissakala
• kivikala
• kolkkakala
• kotkakala
• kraavikala
• krottikala
• kultakala
• kutukala
• kynäkala
• kännikala
• käpykala
• lehtikala
• lentokala
• lepakkokala
• liekkikala
• liitokala
• limaajakala
• limakala
• limapääkala
• lipeäkala
• livekala
• lohikala
• luonnonkala
• luukala
• maakuntakala
• maariankala
• manalankala
• mandariinikala
• mantelikala
• marmoritapparakala
• maustekala
• merikala
• miekkakala
• miljoonakala
• monnikala
• mustahuotrakala
• mustarumpukala
• mustekala
• mutakala
• mätikala
• möhkäkala
• möhkökala
• nahkiaiskala
• nelisilmäkala
• nokkakala
• norsukala
• nousukala
• nuotiokala
• okakala
• pakastekala
• pallokala
• partakala
• parvikala
• petokala
• picassokala
• pietarinkala
• piikkikala
• pikkukala
• pohjakala
• polyyppikala
• purjekala
• pusukala
• puukala
• pyyntikala
• rantakala
• rasvakala
• rauskukala
• rautakala
• rehukala
• rihmakala
• roskakala
• runsaskalainen
• ruokakala
• rustokala
• saaliskala
• sampikala
• sapelihammaskala
• sarvikala
• sateenkaarikala
• savukala
• seeprakala
• siilikala
• sillihaikala
• sillikala
• sillikalat
• sillikuningaskala
• simppukala
• sinirihmakala
• sisävesikala
• soppakala
• suolakala
• suomukala
• syvänmerenkala
• syöttikala
• säilykekala
• säppikala
• särkikala
• taistelukala
• talouskala
• talvikala
• teuraskala
• tonnikala
• turskakala
• tuulenkala
• täkykala
• uunikala
• vaelluskala
• valaanpääkala
• valaskala
• valokala
• varsieväkala
• vaskikala
• velhokala
• viilakala
• viljelykala
• villikala
• vilukala
• voikala
• vuokkokala

 

Further reading

• “kala”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[3] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02

Fula

Etymology

From Arabic كُلَّ (kulla).

Pronoun

kala

1. each, every, all

See also

• denndaangal
• kalamaa
• kalamanni
• mo kala

References

• Oumar Bah, Dictionnaire Pular-Français, Avec un index français-pular, Webonary.org, SIL International, 2014.

Gurindji

Noun

kala

1. thigh

References

• Gurindji language words from the 50 words project from the Research Unit for Indigenous Language at the University of Melbourne. Retrieved 7 November 2024.

Hawaiian

Etymology

From Proto-Polynesian *tala (“spine, prong”) – compare with Maori tara (“thorn, spike, tine, tooth”), Tahitian tara (“horn, spur, sting”), Tongan tala and Samoan tala. (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈka.la/, [ˈkɐ.lə]

Noun

kala

1. (obsolete) horn, spike, thorn

   Synonyms: kākala, hao, kiwi

2. sharkskin
3. surgeonfish

Derived terms

• kākala
• hoʻokala

Iban

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [kalaʔ]
• Hyphenation: ka‧la
• Rhymes: -laʔ

Adverb

kala

1. Semelfactive or non-iterative aspect i. e. the action or situation has happened once or more but did not repeat itself

Icelandic

Etymology

From Old Norse kala.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkʰaːla/
  • Rhymes: -aːla

Verb

kala (strong verb, third-person singular past indicative kól, third-person plural past indicative kólu, supine kalið)

1. (impersonal) to become frostbitten

   Mig kól á tám.

   My toes became frostbitten.

Conjugation

kala — active voice (germynd)

infinitive (nafnháttur)		að kala
supine (sagnbót)		kalið
present participle (lýsingarháttur nútíðar)		kalandi
	indicative (framsöguháttur)			subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur)
present (nútíð)	ég kel	við kölum	present (nútíð)	ég kali	við kölum
	þú kelur	þið kalið		þú kalir	þið kalið
	hann, hún, það kelur	þeir, þær, þau kala		hann, hún, það kali	þeir, þær, þau kali
past (þátíð)	ég kól	við kólum	past (þátíð)	ég kæli	við kælum
	þú kólst	þið kóluð		þú kælir	þið kæluð
	hann, hún, það kól	þeir, þær, þau kólu		hann, hún, það kæli	þeir, þær, þau kælu
imperative (boðháttur)	kal (þú)	kalið (þið)
	Forms with appended personal pronoun
	kaldu	kaliði *
* Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred.

kalinn — past participle (lýsingarháttur þátíðar)

strong declension (sterk beyging)	singular (eintala)				plural (fleirtala)
	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)		masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)
nominative (nefnifall)	kalinn	kalin	kalið		kalnir	kalnar	kalin
accusative (þolfall)	kalinn	kalna	kalið		kalna	kalnar	kalin
dative (þágufall)	kölnum	kalinni	kölnu		kölnum	kölnum	kölnum
genitive (eignarfall)	kalins	kalinnar	kalins		kalinna	kalinna	kalinna
weak declension (veik beyging)	singular (eintala)				plural (fleirtala)
	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)		masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)
nominative (nefnifall)	kalni	kalna	kalna		kölnu	kölnu	kölnu
accusative (þolfall)	kalna	kölnu	kalna		kölnu	kölnu	kölnu
dative (þágufall)	kalna	kölnu	kalna		kölnu	kölnu	kölnu
genitive (eignarfall)	kalna	kölnu	kalna		kölnu	kölnu	kölnu

Related terms

• kal

Indonesian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkala/
• Hyphenation: ka‧la
• Rhymes: -la, -a

Etymology 1

From Malay kala, from Classical Malay kala, from Sanskrit काल (kāla, “time”) or Sanskrit कला (kalā, “a division of time”). Doublet of kali.

Noun

kala (plural kala-kala)

1. time

   Synonyms: masa, waktu

2. when: during the time that.

   Synonym: ketika

3. (geology) epoch: a geochronologic unit of hundreds of thousands to millions of years; a subdivision of a period, and subdivided into ages (or sometimes subepochs).

   Synonym: epok (Standard Malay)

4. tense;
   1. (grammar) Any of the forms of a verb which distinguish when an action or state of being occurs or exists.
   2. (linguistics, grammar, countable) An inflected form of a verb that indicates tense.

Derived terms

• kala akan datang (“future tense”)
• kala kini (“present tense”)
• kala lampau (“past tense”)

Etymology 2

From Malay kala, from Javanese ꦏꦭ (kala, “stinging animal, scorpion”), from Sanskrit कालक (kālaka, “scorpion”).

Noun

kala (plural kala-kala)

1. (Can we verify⁽⁺⁾ this sense?) any member of scorpiones order
2. (obsolete) scorpion

   Synonym: kalajengking

Derived terms

• bintang kala

 

Etymology 3

From Malay kala, from Classical Malay kala.

Noun

kala (plural kala-kala)

1. (obsolete) silk

   Synonym: sutra

Etymology 4

From Malay kala, from Classical Malay kala, from Javanese ꦏꦭ (kala, “bird noose, snare”), from Old Javanese kalā.

Noun

kala (plural kala-kala)

1. (obsolete) snare

   Synonym: jerat

Etymology 5

From Malay kala, from Arabic قَضَاء (qaḍāʔ). Doublet of qada.

Noun

kala (plural kala-kala)

1. (obsolete) Synonym of qada

Derived terms

• kala hajat

Further reading

• “kala” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

Ingrian

Kala.

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kala, from Proto-Uralic *kala. Cognates include Finnish kala and Estonian kala.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /ˈkɑlɑ/, [ˈkɑɫɑ]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /ˈkɑlɑ/, [ˈkɑɫɑ]
• Rhymes: -ɑlɑ
• Hyphenation: ka‧la

Noun

kala

1. fish
   • 1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 11:

     Kapa, kala, kala, kana.

     Dried fish, fish, fish, hen.

   • 1936, V. I. Junus, P. L. Maksimov, Inkeroisin keelen oppikirja alkuşkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 37:

     Hää ono voimakas kala ja kasvaa suureks.

     It's a strong fish and grows big.

   • 1937, D. I. Efimov, Lukukirja: Inkeroisia alkușkouluja vart (toin osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 7:

     — Kala, kala — ohto tiukkaa! Ota matokkaine suuhu.

     — Fish, fish — quit playing! Put a mollusk in your mouth.

Declension

Declension of kala (type 3/kana, no gradation, gemination)
	singular	plural
nominative	kala	kalat
genitive	kalan	kalloin
partitive	kallaa	kaloja
illative	kallaa	kalloi
inessive	kalas	kalois
elative	kalast	kaloist
allative	kalalle	kaloille
adessive	kalal	kaloil
ablative	kalalt	kaloilt
translative	kalaks	kaloiks
essive	kalanna, kallaan	kaloinna, kalloin
exessive1)	kalant	kaloint
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Hypernyms

• elokas (“animal”)

Coordinate terms

• zveeri (“animal”), lintu (“bird”)

Derived terms

• hepokala
• hiisnikkakala
• kalakajava
• kalakas
• kalamees
• kalamerta
• kalanmarja
• kalanrakko
• kalapiirakka
• kalaseegla
• kalastaa
• kalasuppi
• kambakala
• karassikala
• pyhäkala
• rantakala

 

References

• Fedor Tumansky (1790) “кала”, in Опытъ повѣствованїя о дѣянїях, положенїи, состоянїи и раздѣленїи Санкт-Петербургской губернїи [An experiment of an account of the acts, location, condition and division of the Saint Petersburg gubernia], Краткїй словарь ижерскаго, финскаго, эстонскаго, чюдскаго, и ямскаго нарѣчїя съ россїйскимъ переводомъ [A short dictionary of the Ingrian, Finnish, Estonian, Chud and Yamtian dialects with a Russian translation], page 683
• Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 126
• Olga I. Konkova, Nikita A. Dyachkov (2014) Inkeroin Keel: Пособие по Ижорскому Языку‎^[4], →ISBN, page 82

Javanese

Romanization

kala

1. Romanization of ꦏꦭ

Karelian

Regional variants of kala

North Karelian (Viena)	kala
South Karelian (Tver)	kala

Kala

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kala. Cognates include Finnish kala and Estonian kala.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkɑlɑ/
• Hyphenation: ka‧la

Noun

kala (genitive kalan, partitive kalua)

1. fish

Declension

Viena Karelian declension of kala (type 4/kala, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	kala	kalat
genitive	kalan	kalojen
partitive	kalua	kaloja
illative	kalah	kaloih
inessive	kalašša	kaloissa
elative	kalašta	kaloista
adessive	kalalla	kaloilla
ablative	kalalta	kaloilta
translative	kalakši	kaloiksi
essive	kalana	kaloina
comitative	—	kaloineh
abessive	kalatta	kaloitta

Tver Karelian declension of kala (type 4/kala no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	kala	kalat
genitive	kalan	kaloin
partitive	kalua	kaloida
illative	kalah	kaloih
inessive	kalašša	kaloissa
elative	kalašta	kaloista
adessive	kalalla	kaloilla
ablative	kalalda	kaloilda
translative	kalakši	kaloiksi
essive	kalana	kaloina
comitative	kalanke	kaloinke
abessive	kalatta	kaloitta

Possessive forms of kala
1st person	kalani
2nd person	kalaš
3rd person	kalah
*) Possessive forms are very rare for adjectives and only used in substantivised clauses.

References

• A. V. Punzhina (1994) “kala”, in Словарь карельского языка (тверские говоры) [Dictionary of the Karelian language (Tver dialects)], →ISBN
• P. M. Zaykov et al. (2015) “рыба”, in Venäjä-Viena Šanakirja [Russian-Viena Karelian Dictionary], →ISBN

Latvian

Verb

kala

1. third-person singular/plural past indicative of kalt

Livvi

Kala.

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kala. Cognates include Finnish kala and Estonian kala.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkɑlɑ/
• Hyphenation: ka‧la

Noun

kala (genitive kalan, partitive kalua)

1. fish

Declension

Declension of kala (Type 1/griba, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	kala	kalat
genitive	kalan	kaloin
partitive	kalua	kaloi
illative	kalah	kaloih
inessive	kalas	kalois
elative	kalaspäi	kaloispäi
allative	kalale	kaloile
adessive	kalal	kaloil
ablative	kalalpäi	kaloilpäi
translative	kalakse	kaloikse
essive	kalannu	kaloinnu
abessive	kalattah	kaloittah
comitative	kalanke	kaloinke
instructive		kaloin
prolative	kalači

References

• N. Gilojeva, S. Rudakova (2009) Karjalan kielen Livvin murdehen algukursu [Beginners' course of Karelian language's Livvi dialect]‎^[5] (in Livvi), Petrozavodsk, →ISBN, page 3
• Tatjana Boiko (2019) Suuri Karjal-Venʹalaine Sanakniigu (livvin murreh) [The Big Karelian-Russian dictionary (Livvi dialect)], 2nd edition, →ISBN, page 92

Ludian

Kala

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kala.

Noun

kala

1. fish

Malay

Pronunciation

• (Johor-Selangor) IPA^(key): /kalə/
• (Riau-Lingga) IPA^(key): /kala/
• Rhymes: -alə, -lə, -ə

Etymology 1

From Sanskrit काल (kāla, “time”).

Noun

kala (Jawi spelling کالا, plural kala-kala, informal 1st possessive kalaku, 2nd possessive kalamu, 3rd possessive kalanya)

1. time (inevitable passing of events)
2. time (quantity of availability in time)
3. time (time of day, as indicated by a clock, etc)
4. time (particular moment or hour)
5. time (measurement under some system of the time of day or moment in time)
6. time (numerical indication of a particular moment in time)

Synonyms

• masa / ماس
• waktu / وقتو

Etymology 2

From Javanese kala (“stinging animal”).

Noun

kala (Jawi spelling کالا, plural kala-kala, informal 1st possessive kalaku, 2nd possessive kalamu, 3rd possessive kalanya)

1. scorpion

Ngadjunmaya

Noun

kala

1. fire
2. firewood

References

• Suzanne M. Prober, Emma Yuen, Michael H. O'Connor, Les Schultz, Ngadju kala: Ngadju fire knowledge and contemporary fire management in the Great Western Woodlands, Wembley, CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Coolgardie, Ngadju Conservation.
• Carl Georg von Brandenstein, 1980, Ngadjumaja: An Aboriginal Language of South-East Western Australia, Innsbruck, Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck.

Northern Sotho

Noun

kala

1. branch (of a tree)

Old Javanese

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ka.la/
• Rhymes: -la
• Homophones: kalā, kāla
• Hyphenation: ka‧la

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Sanskrit काला (kālā, “black; dark”).

Noun

kala

1. wicked, evil, base, false

Derived terms

• kinala

 

Descendants

• Javanese: ꦏꦭ (kala, “evil; demon”)

Etymology 2

From Sanskrit शङ्ख (śaṅkha, “trumpet, horn”, literally “shell, conch-shell”) +‎ काल (kāla, “time, hour”).

Noun

kala

1. trumpet

Etymology 3

From Sanskrit कालक (kālaka, “scorpion”).

Noun

kala

1. scorpion

Descendants

• Javanese: ꦏꦭ (kala, “stinging animal”)
  • → Indonesian: kala (“stinging animal”)

Etymology 4

Noun

kala

1. Alternative spelling of kalā (“noose, snare”)

Old Norse

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *kalaną, whence also Old English calan. Ultimately from an o-grade present of Proto-Indo-European *gel-.

Verb

kala

1. (impersonal, transitive with accusative) to freeze

   mik kell ― I freeze; I become frost-bitten

Conjugation

Conjugation of kala — impersonal, active (strong class 6)

infinitive	kala
past participle	kalinn
indicative	present	past
3rd-person singular	kell	kól
subjunctive	present	past
3rd-person singular	kali	kœli

Descendants

• Icelandic: kala
• Norwegian Nynorsk: kala, (past participle) kalen
• Swedish: kala (dialectal)

References

• “kala”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press

Polish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈka.la/
• Rhymes: -ala
• Syllabification: ka‧la

Verb

kala

1. third-person singular present of kalać

Sakizaya

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ka.ˈla/, [ka.ˈla]

Noun

kala

1. prey; game

Serbo-Croatian

Noun

kala (Cyrillic spelling кала)

1. genitive singular of kal

Sumerian

Romanization

kala

1. Romanization of 𒆗 (kala)

Swedish

Adjective

kala

1. inflection of kal:
   1. definite singular
   2. plural

Tok Pisin

Etymology

From English color.

Noun

kala

1. color

Veps

Kala

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kala, from Proto-Uralic *kala.

Noun

kala

1. fish

Inflection

Inflection of kala (inflection type 5/sana)
nominative sing.	kala
genitive sing.	kalan
partitive sing.	kalad
partitive plur.	kaloid
	singular	plural
nominative	kala	kalad
accusative	kalan	kalad
genitive	kalan	kaloiden
partitive	kalad	kaloid
essive-instructive	kalan	kaloin
translative	kalaks	kaloikš
inessive	kalas	kaloiš
elative	kalaspäi	kaloišpäi
illative	kalaha kalha	kaloihe
adessive	kalal	kaloil
ablative	kalalpäi	kaloilpäi
allative	kalale	kaloile
abessive	kalata	kaloita
comitative	kalanke	kaloidenke
prolative	kaladme	kaloidme
approximative I	kalanno	kaloidenno
approximative II	kalannoks	kaloidennoks
egressive	kalannopäi	kaloidennopäi
terminative I	kalahasai kalhasai	kaloihesai
terminative II	kalalesai	kaloilesai
terminative III	kalassai	—
additive I	kalahapäi kalhapäi	kaloihepäi
additive II	kalalepäi	kaloilepäi

Derived terms

• kalankazvatai
• kalankazvatuz
• kalansuug

References

• Zajceva, N. G., Mullonen, M. I. (2007) “рыба”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary]‎^[6], Petrozavodsk: Periodika

Võro

Kala

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kala, from Proto-Uralic *kala.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kɑlɑ/

Noun

kala (genitive kala, partitive kalla)

1. fish

Inflection

Inflection of kala

	singular	plural
nominative	kala	kalaq
accusative	kala	kalaq
genitive	kala	kallo
partitive	kalla	kallo
illative	kalla	kallo kallohe
inessive	kalan kalahn	kalon kallon kalohn kallohn
elative	kalast	kalost kallost
allative	kalalõ	kalolõ kallolõ
adessive	kalal	kalol kallol
ablative	kalalt	kalolt kallolt
translative	kalas	kalos kallos
terminative	kalaniq	kaloniq kalloniq
abessive	kalaldaq	kaloldaq kalloldaq
comitative	kalagaq	kallogaq

Votic

Kala

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *kala, from Proto-Uralic *kala.

Pronunciation

• (Luutsa, Liivtšülä) IPA^(key): /ˈkɑlɑ/, [ˈkɑɫɑ]
• Rhymes: -ɑlɑ
• Hyphenation: ka‧la

Noun

kala

1. fish

Inflection

Declension of kala (type III/jalkõ, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	kala	kalad
genitive	kala	kalojõ, kaloi
partitive	kalla	kaloitõ, kaloi
illative	kallasõ, kalla	kaloisõ
inessive	kalaz	kaloiz
elative	kalassõ	kaloissõ
allative	kalalõ	kaloilõ
adessive	kalallõ	kaloillõ
ablative	kalaltõ	kaloiltõ
translative	kalassi	kaloissi
*) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the terminative is formed by adding the suffix -ssaa to the short illative (sg) or the genitive. ***) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka to the genitive.

References

• Hallap, V., Adler, E., Grünberg, S., Leppik, M. (2012) Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language], 2nd edition, Tallinn

Zacatepec Chatino

Adjective

kala

1. born (to be)

Verb

kala

1. to join, to unite

Zigula

Verb

kala

1. to hunt

Descendants

• Mbugu: kala

References

• Maarten Mous, The Making of a Mixed Language: The Case of Ma'a/Mbugu

Zulu

Verb

-kála

1. to weigh

Inflection

Tone H
Infinitive	ukukala
	Positive	Negative
Infinitive	ukukala	ukungakali
	Imperative
	Simple	+ object concord
Singular	kala	-kale
Plural	kalani	-kaleni
	Present
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyakala, ngikala	engikalayo, engikala	ngikala	angikali	engingakali	ngingakali
2nd singular	uyakala, ukala	okalayo, okala	ukala	awukali	ongakali	ungakali
1st plural	siyakala, sikala	esikalayo, esikala	sikala	asikali	esingakali	singakali
2nd plural	niyakala, nikala	enikalayo, enikala	nikala	anikali	eningakali	ningakali
Class 1	uyakala, ukala	okalayo, okala	ekala	akakali	ongakali	engakali
Class 2	bayakala, bakala	abakalayo, abakala	bekala	abakali	abangakali	bengakali
Class 3	uyakala, ukala	okalayo, okala	ukala	awukali	ongakali	ungakali
Class 4	iyakala, ikala	ekalayo, ekala	ikala	ayikali	engakali	ingakali
Class 5	liyakala, likala	elikalayo, elikala	likala	alikali	elingakali	lingakali
Class 6	ayakala, akala	akalayo, akala	ekala	awakali	angakali	engakali
Class 7	siyakala, sikala	esikalayo, esikala	sikala	asikali	esingakali	singakali
Class 8	ziyakala, zikala	ezikalayo, ezikala	zikala	azikali	ezingakali	zingakali
Class 9	iyakala, ikala	ekalayo, ekala	ikala	ayikali	engakali	ingakali
Class 10	ziyakala, zikala	ezikalayo, ezikala	zikala	azikali	ezingakali	zingakali
Class 11	luyakala, lukala	olukalayo, olukala	lukala	alukali	olungakali	lungakali
Class 14	buyakala, bukala	obukalayo, obukala	bukala	abukali	obungakali	bungakali
Class 15	kuyakala, kukala	okukalayo, okukala	kukala	akukali	okungakali	kungakali
Class 17	kuyakala, kukala	okukalayo, okukala	kukala	akukali	okungakali	kungakali
	Recent past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngikalile, ngikalē	engikalile, engikalē	ngikalile, ngikalē	angikalanga	engingakalanga	ngingakalanga
2nd singular	ukalile, ukalē	okalile, okalē	ukalile, ukalē	awukalanga	ongakalanga	ungakalanga
1st plural	sikalile, sikalē	esikalile, esikalē	sikalile, sikalē	asikalanga	esingakalanga	singakalanga
2nd plural	nikalile, nikalē	enikalile, enikalē	nikalile, nikalē	anikalanga	eningakalanga	ningakalanga
Class 1	ukalile, ukalē	okalile, okalē	ekalile, ekalē	akakalanga	ongakalanga	engakalanga
Class 2	bakalile, bakalē	abakalile, abakalē	bekalile, bekalē	abakalanga	abangakalanga	bengakalanga
Class 3	ukalile, ukalē	okalile, okalē	ukalile, ukalē	awukalanga	ongakalanga	ungakalanga
Class 4	ikalile, ikalē	ekalile, ekalē	ikalile, ikalē	ayikalanga	engakalanga	ingakalanga
Class 5	likalile, likalē	elikalile, elikalē	likalile, likalē	alikalanga	elingakalanga	lingakalanga
Class 6	akalile, akalē	akalile, akalē	ekalile, ekalē	awakalanga	angakalanga	engakalanga
Class 7	sikalile, sikalē	esikalile, esikalē	sikalile, sikalē	asikalanga	esingakalanga	singakalanga
Class 8	zikalile, zikalē	ezikalile, ezikalē	zikalile, zikalē	azikalanga	ezingakalanga	zingakalanga
Class 9	ikalile, ikalē	ekalile, ekalē	ikalile, ikalē	ayikalanga	engakalanga	ingakalanga
Class 10	zikalile, zikalē	ezikalile, ezikalē	zikalile, zikalē	azikalanga	ezingakalanga	zingakalanga
Class 11	lukalile, lukalē	olukalile, olukalē	lukalile, lukalē	alukalanga	olungakalanga	lungakalanga
Class 14	bukalile, bukalē	obukalile, obukalē	bukalile, bukalē	abukalanga	obungakalanga	bungakalanga
Class 15	kukalile, kukalē	okukalile, okukalē	kukalile, kukalē	akukalanga	okungakalanga	kungakalanga
Class 17	kukalile, kukalē	okukalile, okukalē	kukalile, kukalē	akukalanga	okungakalanga	kungakalanga
	Remote past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngākala	engākala	ngākala	angikalanga	engingakalanga	ngingakalanga
2nd singular	wākala	owākala	wākala	awukalanga	ongakalanga	ungakalanga
1st plural	sākala	esākala	sākala	asikalanga	esingakalanga	singakalanga
2nd plural	nākala	enākala	nākala	anikalanga	eningakalanga	ningakalanga
Class 1	wākala	owākala	ākala	akakalanga	ongakalanga	engakalanga
Class 2	bākala	abākala	bākala	abakalanga	abangakalanga	bengakalanga
Class 3	wākala	owākala	wākala	awukalanga	ongakalanga	ungakalanga
Class 4	yākala	eyākala	yākala	ayikalanga	engakalanga	ingakalanga
Class 5	lākala	elākala	lākala	alikalanga	elingakalanga	lingakalanga
Class 6	ākala	ākala	ākala	awakalanga	angakalanga	engakalanga
Class 7	sākala	esākala	sākala	asikalanga	esingakalanga	singakalanga
Class 8	zākala	ezākala	zākala	azikalanga	ezingakalanga	zingakalanga
Class 9	yākala	eyākala	yākala	ayikalanga	engakalanga	ingakalanga
Class 10	zākala	ezākala	zākala	azikalanga	ezingakalanga	zingakalanga
Class 11	lwākala	olwākala	lwākala	alukalanga	olungakalanga	lungakalanga
Class 14	bākala	obākala	bākala	abukalanga	obungakalanga	bungakalanga
Class 15	kwākala	okwākala	kwākala	akukalanga	okungakalanga	kungakalanga
Class 17	kwākala	okwākala	kwākala	akukalanga	okungakalanga	kungakalanga
	Potential
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngingakala	—	ngingakala	ngingekale	—	ngingekale
2nd singular	ungakala	—	ungakala	ungekale	—	ungekale
1st plural	singakala	—	singakala	singekale	—	singekale
2nd plural	ningakala	—	ningakala	ningekale	—	ningekale
Class 1	angakala	—	engakala	angekale	—	engekale
Class 2	bangakala	—	bengakala	bangekale	—	bengekale
Class 3	ungakala	—	ungakala	ungekale	—	ungekale
Class 4	ingakala	—	ingakala	ingekale	—	ingekale
Class 5	lingakala	—	lingakala	lingekale	—	lingekale
Class 6	angakala	—	engakala	angekale	—	engekale
Class 7	singakala	—	singakala	singekale	—	singekale
Class 8	zingakala	—	zingakala	zingekale	—	zingekale
Class 9	ingakala	—	ingakala	ingekale	—	ingekale
Class 10	zingakala	—	zingakala	zingekale	—	zingekale
Class 11	lungakala	—	lungakala	lungekale	—	lungekale
Class 14	bungakala	—	bungakala	bungekale	—	bungekale
Class 15	kungakala	—	kungakala	kungekale	—	kungekale
Class 17	kungakala	—	kungakala	kungekale	—	kungekale
	Immediate future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngizokala	engizokala	ngizokala	angizukala	engingezukala	ngingezukala
2nd singular	uzokala	ozokala	uzokala	awuzukala	ongezukala	ungezukala
1st plural	sizokala	esizokala	sizokala	asizukala	esingezukala	singezukala
2nd plural	nizokala	enizokala	nizokala	anizukala	eningezukala	ningezukala
Class 1	uzokala	ozokala	ezokala	akazukala	ongezukala	engezukala
Class 2	bazokala	abazokala	bezokala	abazukala	abangezukala	bengezukala
Class 3	uzokala	ozokala	uzokala	awuzukala	ongezukala	ungezukala
Class 4	izokala	ezokala	izokala	ayizukala	engezukala	ingezukala
Class 5	lizokala	elizokala	lizokala	alizukala	elingezukala	lingezukala
Class 6	azokala	azokala	ezokala	awazukala	angezukala	engezukala
Class 7	sizokala	esizokala	sizokala	asizukala	esingezukala	singezukala
Class 8	zizokala	ezizokala	zizokala	azizukala	ezingezukala	zingezukala
Class 9	izokala	ezokala	izokala	ayizukala	engezukala	ingezukala
Class 10	zizokala	ezizokala	zizokala	azizukala	ezingezukala	zingezukala
Class 11	luzokala	oluzokala	luzokala	aluzukala	olungezukala	lungezukala
Class 14	buzokala	obuzokala	buzokala	abuzukala	obungezukala	bungezukala
Class 15	kuzokala	okuzokala	kuzokala	akuzukala	okungezukala	kungezukala
Class 17	kuzokala	okuzokala	kuzokala	akuzukala	okungezukala	kungezukala
	Remote future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyokala	engiyokala	ngiyokala	angiyukala	engingeyukala	ngingeyukala
2nd singular	uyokala	oyokala	uyokala	awuyukala	ongeyukala	ungeyukala
1st plural	siyokala	esiyokala	siyokala	asiyukala	esingeyukala	singeyukala
2nd plural	niyokala	eniyokala	niyokala	aniyukala	eningeyukala	ningeyukala
Class 1	uyokala	oyokala	eyokala	akayukala	ongeyukala	engeyukala
Class 2	bayokala	abayokala	beyokala	abayukala	abangeyukala	bengeyukala
Class 3	uyokala	oyokala	uyokala	awuyukala	ongeyukala	ungeyukala
Class 4	iyokala	eyokala	iyokala	ayiyukala	engeyukala	ingeyukala
Class 5	liyokala	eliyokala	liyokala	aliyukala	elingeyukala	lingeyukala
Class 6	ayokala	ayokala	eyokala	awayukala	angeyukala	engeyukala
Class 7	siyokala	esiyokala	siyokala	asiyukala	esingeyukala	singeyukala
Class 8	ziyokala	eziyokala	ziyokala	aziyukala	ezingeyukala	zingeyukala
Class 9	iyokala	eyokala	iyokala	ayiyukala	engeyukala	ingeyukala
Class 10	ziyokala	eziyokala	ziyokala	aziyukala	ezingeyukala	zingeyukala
Class 11	luyokala	oluyokala	luyokala	aluyukala	olungeyukala	lungeyukala
Class 14	buyokala	obuyokala	buyokala	abuyukala	obungeyukala	bungeyukala
Class 15	kuyokala	okuyokala	kuyokala	akuyukala	okungeyukala	kungeyukala
Class 17	kuyokala	okuyokala	kuyokala	akuyukala	okungeyukala	kungeyukala
	Present subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngikale	ngingakali
2nd singular	ukale	ungakali
1st plural	sikale	singakali
2nd plural	nikale	ningakali
Class 1	akale	angakali
Class 2	bakale	bangakali
Class 3	ukale	ungakali
Class 4	ikale	ingakali
Class 5	likale	lingakali
Class 6	akale	angakali
Class 7	sikale	singakali
Class 8	zikale	zingakali
Class 9	ikale	ingakali
Class 10	zikale	zingakali
Class 11	lukale	lungakali
Class 14	bukale	bungakali
Class 15	kukale	kungakali
Class 17	kukale	kungakali
	Past subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngakala	ngangakala, angakala, angangakala
2nd singular	wakala	wangakala, awakala, awangakala
1st plural	sakala	sangakala, asakala, asangakala
2nd plural	nakala	nangakala, anakala, anangakala
Class 1	wakala	wangakala, akakala, akangakala
Class 2	bakala	bangakala, abakala, abangakala
Class 3	wakala	wangakala, awakala, awangakala
Class 4	yakala	yangakala, ayakala, ayangakala
Class 5	lakala	langakala, alakala, alangakala
Class 6	akala	angakala, awakala, awangakala
Class 7	sakala	sangakala, asakala, asangakala
Class 8	zakala	zangakala, azakala, azangakala
Class 9	yakala	yangakala, ayakala, ayangakala
Class 10	zakala	zangakala, azakala, azangakala
Class 11	lwakala	lwangakala, alwakala, alwangakala
Class 14	bakala	bangakala, abakala, abangakala
Class 15	kwakala	kwangakala, akwakala, akwangakala
Class 17	kwakala	kwangakala, akwakala, akwangakala

References

• C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “kala”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “kala (3.9)”