libero

See also: Libero and libéro

English

Etymology

From Italian libero (literally “free one”). So called because he has no direct opponent to mark and is therefore free to join in the offensive. The volleyball use is younger.

Pronunciation

• (UK) IPA^(key): /ˈlɪbəɹəʊ/
• (US) IPA^(key): /ˈlɪbəɹoʊ/, (nonstandard) /lɪˈbɛɹoʊ/

• Audio (Southern England):

  (file)

Noun

libero (plural liberos)

1. (soccer) A central defender to whom no forward is assigned for marking, forming the last line of defence and often initiating the offensive play.

   Synonym: sweeper

   • 2024 January 8, Sachin Nakrani, “Franz Beckenbauer, World Cup-winning captain and manager, dies aged 78”, in The Guardian‎^[1], →ISSN:

     Nicknamed “Der Kaiser”, Beckenbauer was as elegant as he was dominant, and such was his assurance in possession that he came to master the modern sweeper role, or libero. More so, he is credited with creating it.

2. (volleyball) A designated back-row player intended to be used as a ball-control specialist.

Usage notes

• (volleyball): in volleyball rules and other official documents, Libero is always capitalised. In common usage it follows normal capitalisation rules and conventions.

Translations

football player

• Catalan: defensa lliure (ca) m or f
• Dutch: libero (nl) m
• Estonian: vabakaitsja
• Finnish: libero (fi)
• French: libero (fr) m, libéro (fr) m
• German: Libero (de) m
• Greek: λίμπερο (el) (límpero), ελεύθερος (el) (eléftheros)
• Swedish: libero (sv) c

volleyball player

• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 自由人 (zìyóurén)

• Estonian: libero (et)
• Finnish: libero (fi)
• French: libero (fr) m, libéro (fr) m
• German: Libero (de) m
• Polish: libero (pl)
• Portuguese: líbero (pt) m or f
• Russian: либеро (ru) (libero)
• Swedish: libero (sv) c

Anagrams

• boiler, reboil

Cebuano

Pronunciation

• Hyphenation: li‧be‧ro

Noun

libero

1. (volleyball) a libero
2. (soccer) a sweeper

Czech

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈlɪbɛro]

Noun

libero n

1. (soccer) libero, sweeper
2. (volleyball) libero (designated back-row player specialized in defensive skills)

Declension

Declension of libero (hard neuter)

	singular	plural
nominative	libero	libera
genitive	libera	liber
dative	liberu	liberům
accusative	libero	libera
vocative	libero	libera
locative	liberu	liberech
instrumental	liberem	libery

Dutch

Etymology

Borrowed from Italian libero.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈli.beː.roː/, /ˈli.bə.roː/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: li‧be‧ro

Noun

libero m (plural libero's)

1. (volleyball) a libero
2. (soccer) a libero, a sweeper [from 1960s]

   Synonym: ausputzer

Anagrams

• boiler

Finnish

Etymology

From Italian libero.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈlibero/, [ˈlibe̞ro̞]
• Rhymes: -ibero
• Hyphenation^(key): li‧be‧ro

Noun

libero

1. (soccer) sweeper, libero

Declension

Inflection of libero (Kotus type 2/palvelu, no gradation)
nominative		libero	liberot
genitive		liberon	liberojen liberoiden liberoitten
partitive		liberoa	liberoja liberoita
illative		liberoon	liberoihin
		singular	plural
nominative		libero	liberot
accusative	nom.	libero	liberot
	gen.	liberon
genitive		liberon	liberojen liberoiden liberoitten
partitive		liberoa	liberoja liberoita
inessive		liberossa	liberoissa
elative		liberosta	liberoista
illative		liberoon	liberoihin
adessive		liberolla	liberoilla
ablative		liberolta	liberoilta
allative		liberolle	liberoille
essive		liberona	liberoina
translative		liberoksi	liberoiksi
abessive		liberotta	liberoitta
instructive		—	liberoin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of libero (Kotus type 2/palvelu, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative liberoni liberoni accusative nom. liberoni liberoni gen. liberoni genitive liberoni liberojeni liberoideni liberoitteni partitive liberoani liberojani liberoitani inessive liberossani liberoissani elative liberostani liberoistani illative liberooni liberoihini adessive liberollani liberoillani ablative liberoltani liberoiltani allative liberolleni liberoilleni essive liberonani liberoinani translative liberokseni liberoikseni abessive liberottani liberoittani instructive — — comitative — liberoineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative liberosi liberosi accusative nom. liberosi liberosi gen. liberosi genitive liberosi liberojesi liberoidesi liberoittesi partitive liberoasi liberojasi liberoitasi inessive liberossasi liberoissasi elative liberostasi liberoistasi illative liberoosi liberoihisi adessive liberollasi liberoillasi ablative liberoltasi liberoiltasi allative liberollesi liberoillesi essive liberonasi liberoinasi translative liberoksesi liberoiksesi abessive liberottasi liberoittasi instructive — — comitative — liberoinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative liberomme liberomme accusative nom. liberomme liberomme gen. liberomme genitive liberomme liberojemme liberoidemme liberoittemme partitive liberoamme liberojamme liberoitamme inessive liberossamme liberoissamme elative liberostamme liberoistamme illative liberoomme liberoihimme adessive liberollamme liberoillamme ablative liberoltamme liberoiltamme allative liberollemme liberoillemme essive liberonamme liberoinamme translative liberoksemme liberoiksemme abessive liberottamme liberoittamme instructive — — comitative — liberoinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative liberonne liberonne accusative nom. liberonne liberonne gen. liberonne genitive liberonne liberojenne liberoidenne liberoittenne partitive liberoanne liberojanne liberoitanne inessive liberossanne liberoissanne elative liberostanne liberoistanne illative liberoonne liberoihinne adessive liberollanne liberoillanne ablative liberoltanne liberoiltanne allative liberollenne liberoillenne essive liberonanne liberoinanne translative liberoksenne liberoiksenne abessive liberottanne liberoittanne instructive — — comitative — liberoinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative liberonsa liberonsa accusative nom. liberonsa liberonsa gen. liberonsa genitive liberonsa liberojensa liberoidensa liberoittensa partitive liberoaan liberoansa liberojaan liberoitaan liberojansa liberoitansa inessive liberossaan liberossansa liberoissaan liberoissansa elative liberostaan liberostansa liberoistaan liberoistansa illative liberoonsa liberoihinsa adessive liberollaan liberollansa liberoillaan liberoillansa ablative liberoltaan liberoltansa liberoiltaan liberoiltansa allative liberolleen liberollensa liberoilleen liberoillensa essive liberonaan liberonansa liberoinaan liberoinansa translative liberokseen liberoksensa liberoikseen liberoiksensa abessive liberottaan liberottansa liberoittaan liberoittansa instructive — — comitative — liberoineen liberoinensa

Further reading

• “libero”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[2] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-02

French

Pronunciation

• Audio (Switzerland):

  (file)

Noun

libero m (plural liberos)

1. Alternative spelling of libéro

Galician

Verb

libero

1. first-person singular present indicative of liberar

Italian

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin līberum.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈli.be.ro/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ibero
• Hyphenation: lì‧be‧ro

Adjective

libero (feminine libera, masculine plural liberi, feminine plural libere, superlative liberissimo)

1. free (not imprisoned or enslaved)

   Un uomo libero. ― A free man.

2. clear, unobstructed (without blockages)

   Il passaggio era libero. ― The passage was clear.

3. free (without obligations)

   tempo libero ― Free time; leisure time

   Sono libero stasera. ― I am free this evening.

4. free (that does not have to be paid for)

   Ingresso libero. ― Free admission.

5. free (as in "free software")

   Software libero. ― Free software.

Related terms

• liberamente
• liberare
• liberismo
• liberista
• libero professionista
• libertà
• via libera

 

Descendants

• → Ladino: libero

Verb

libero

1. first-person singular present indicative of liberare

Noun

libero m (plural liberi)

1. (soccer) libero, sweeper

Further reading

• libero in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana

Ladino

Etymology

From Italian libero.

Adjective

libero (Latin spelling)

1. free

Latin

Etymology

From līber (“free”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈliː.be.roː/, [ˈlʲiːbɛroː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈli.be.ro/, [ˈliːbero]

Adjective

līberō

1. dative/ablative masculine/neuter singular of līber

Verb

līberō (present infinitive līberāre, perfect active līberāvī, future participle līberātūrus); first conjugation

1. to free, set free, liberate

   Synonyms: eximō, absolvō, vindicō, exuō, exonerō, excipiō, prīvō

   Antonyms: refrēnō, coerceō, saepiō, officiō, obstō, comprimō, impediō, arceō, supprimō

   Camillus Romam ex obsidione Gallorum liberavit.

   Camillus liberated Rome from the siege of the Gauls.

2. to release, deliver

   Synonyms: persolvō, absolvō, exonerō, excipiō, eximō, servō, extrahō, prīvō

3. to absolve, acquit

   Synonyms: exonerō, absolvō, probō

   Antonyms: coarguō, comperiō

Conjugation

   Conjugation of līberō (first conjugation)

indicative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	līberō	līberās	līberat	līberāmus	līberātis	līberant
	imperfect	līberābam	līberābās	līberābat	līberābāmus	līberābātis	līberābant
	future	līberābō	līberābis	līberābit	līberābimus	līberābitis	līberābunt
	perfect	līberāvī	līberāvistī, līberāstī3	līberāvit, līberāt3	līberāvimus, līberāmus3	līberāvistis, līberāstis3	līberāvērunt, līberārunt, līberāvēre3
	pluperfect	līberāveram, līberāram3	līberāverās, līberārās3	līberāverat, līberārat3	līberāverāmus, līberārāmus3	līberāverātis, līberārātis3	līberāverant, līberārant3
	future perfect	līberāverō, līberārō3	līberāveris, līberāris3	līberāverit, līberārit3	līberāverimus, līberārimus3	līberāveritis, līberāritis3	līberāverint, līberārint3
	sigmatic future1	līberāssō	līberāssis	līberāssit	līberāssimus	līberāssitis	līberāssint
passive	present	līberor	līberāris, līberāre	līberātur	līberāmur	līberāminī	līberantur
	imperfect	līberābar	līberābāris, līberābāre	līberābātur	līberābāmur	līberābāminī	līberābantur
	future	līberābor	līberāberis, līberābere	līberābitur	līberābimur	līberābiminī	līberābuntur
	perfect	līberātus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	līberātus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	līberātus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	līberem	līberēs	līberet	līberēmus	līberētis	līberent
	imperfect	līberārem	līberārēs	līberāret	līberārēmus	līberārētis	līberārent
	perfect	līberāverim, līberārim3	līberāverīs, līberārīs3	līberāverit, līberārit3	līberāverīmus, līberārīmus3	līberāverītis, līberārītis3	līberāverint, līberārint3
	pluperfect	līberāvissem, līberāssem3	līberāvissēs, līberāssēs3	līberāvisset, līberāsset3	līberāvissēmus, līberāssēmus3	līberāvissētis, līberāssētis3	līberāvissent, līberāssent3
	sigmatic aorist1	līberāssim	līberāssīs	līberāssīt	līberāssīmus	līberāssītis	līberāssint
passive	present	līberer	līberēris, līberēre	līberētur	līberēmur	līberēminī	līberentur
	imperfect	līberārer	līberārēris, līberārēre	līberārētur	līberārēmur	līberārēminī	līberārentur
	perfect	līberātus + present active subjunctive of sum
	pluperfect	līberātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular			plural
		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	līberā	—	—	līberāte	—
	future	—	līberātō	līberātō	—	līberātōte	līberantō
passive	present	—	līberāre	—	—	līberāminī	—
	future	—	līberātor	līberātor	—	—	līberantor
non-finite forms		active			passive
		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		līberāre	līberāvisse, līberāsse3	līberātūrum esse	līberārī, līberārier2	līberātum esse	līberātum īrī
participles		līberāns	—	līberātūrus	—	līberātus	līberandus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		līberandī	līberandō	līberandum	līberandō	līberātum	līberātū

¹At least one use of the Old Latin "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to").
²The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.
³At least one rare poetic syncopated perfect form is attested.

Derived terms

• līberāmentum
• līberātiō
• līberātor
• līberātrīx
• līberātus

 

Related terms

• līber
• līberālis
• līberālitās
• līberāliter
• līberē
• līberī
• libērta
• lībērtās
• lībērtīnus
• lībērtō
• lībērtus

 

Descendants

• Catalan: lliurar
• Italian: liverare, livrare
• Occitan: liurar
• Old French: livrer
  • French: livrer
  • → Middle English: lyveren
• Iberian-Romance:
  • Asturian: llibrar
  • Old Galician-Portuguese: livrar
    • Galician: librar
    • Portuguese: livrar
  • Spanish: librar
• Borrowings:
  • → Asturian: liberar
  • → English: liberate
  • → French: libérer
    • → Romanian: libera
  • → Galician: liberar
  • → Italian: liberare
  • → Occitan: liberar
  • → Piedmontese: liberé
  • → Portuguese: liberar
  • → Spanish: liberar
  • → Venetan: łibarar

Noun

līberō

1. dative/ablative singular of līber

Lithuanian

Noun

libero

1. genitive singular of liberas (“Liberian”)

Portuguese

Pronunciation

• Rhymes: -ɛɾu

Verb

libero

1. first-person singular present indicative of liberar

Romanian

Etymology

Borrowed from Italian libero.

Noun

libero m (plural libero)

1. (soccer) sweeper

Declension

	singular			plural
	indefinite	definite		indefinite	definite
nominative-accusative	libero	liberoul		libero	liberoi
genitive-dative	libero	liberoului		libero	liberolor
vocative	liberoule			liberolor

References

• libero in Academia Română, Micul dicționar academic, ediția a II-a, Bucharest: Univers Enciclopedic, 2010. →ISBN

Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /liˈbeɾo/ [liˈβ̞e.ɾo]
• Rhymes: -eɾo
• Syllabification: li‧be‧ro

Verb

libero

1. first-person singular present indicative of liberar